FOSSIL MAMMALIAN REMAINS. LILY, 
localities. It is also nearly certain, from the manner in which 
these remains occur, that this deer inhabited the sub-alpine 
regions—the sources of the Tees, Wear, and Tyne. 
6. Rev-Deer, Cervus elaphus, Linn. 
It might perhaps be expected from the comparatively recent 
extinction of the red-deer that remains of this species would be 
of frequent occurrence. Not only does it occur frequently, but 
the antlers are of great size, showing that in ancient times it 
attained its maximum and most noble proportions. 
Remains of this species have been met with, in nearly all the 
lacustrine and estuarine deposits examined, and also in most of 
the ancient buried vegetable deposits of the coast of Durham. 
Many years ago Mr. Hogg recorded the occurrence of deer bones 
from the alluvium of South Durham.* More recently, entire 
skeletons have been exposed by the sea, in the buried peat deposits 
between Hartlepool and Seaton Carew. Antlers have also been 
obtained from a similar deposit at Whitburn sands, and bones 
apparently appertaining to the same species were detected in the 
accumulations of peat, exposed during the drainage of Prestwick 
Car. 
The excavations at Jarrow Docks afforded numerous remains 
of this species including several nearly entire skeletons. Indeed, 
in most instances, the antlers were found attached to portions of 
the skull, indicating, no doubt, the violent death of these noble 
denizens of the forest during severe winter storms. One or two 
instances of shed antlers occurred. Antlers belonging to indivi- 
duals varying in age from the brocket, with a single tapering 
horn, to the full-grown or crowned stag, occurred. 
In the Jarrow slake deposit, these remains were found from 
five to fifteen feet below the surface of the silt. Some of the bones 
were perfectly fossilized, others were so tender and friable as to 
fall to pieces immediately they were exposed. Most of the 
specimens were found near the mouths of two small denes that 
run into the Tyne, associated as in the case of the ox, we have 
to mention, with numerous fragments of forest trees, leaves, 
and land and estuarine shells. 
* Brewster’s Hist. Stockton, App. 
