694 Transactions. 
over an octave." So it is; these minute subdivisions of a tone do not, 
after a time, seem minute at all. 
The tone of the Auckland instrument is not so clear; its pitch is 
just on middle C, and it can be raised or lowered slightly by tightening 
or loosening the lips while blowing. The instrument has a pronounced 
bend at the neck. 
The pitch of the double putorino is also Е, but slightly flattened. 
so freely as on the putorino of fig. Onee the pitch is struck, this 
instrument seems to draw the note from the blower, so that it can be 
played pp as easily as ff. other instruments appear to resist the 
qualities. 
- It is certain now that the koauau and putorino could be played in 
unison—one a female volce, one a male. 
Fig. 4.—À flute, porutu, made of wood. 
Captain Mair mentions a kind of flute, porutu, generally made from 
j ‘ t 
a young straig ranch of kaiwhiri, hollowed out by means of fire. Its 
length was from 1 ft. to 16 in., its diameter łin., and it was elaborately : 
carved, as in fig. 4, from a rough drawing by Mair. The name porutu is 
apparently a Maori form of the word “ flute” ; and, judging by this and 
the general appearance of the instrument, it would appear to be a modifi- 
cation of the flute or of the fife. _ 
The long ordinary flute, adapted from the European flute, might on 
occasion be played with the nose. I learn from Te Rangi Hiroa of a Niue 
woman whom he saw using a long flute in this way. It was held with the 
lower end towards the right. Between the right finger and thumb she held 
a stick the length of a pencil, blocking the right nostril by pressing it with 
the end of this stick, and blowing with the left nostril. The flute was 
held with the left hand. The holes were covered by the free fingers of 
both hands. This would be a kind of trick performance, but it suggests 
that the nose-playing was not considered seriously. The nose-flute was, 
however, commonly known through the Pacific. 
Captain Mair’s notes on the koauau are good. He writes that it was 
the most prized of all the Maori musical instruments. It was often made 
from the arm-bone or thigh-bone of an enemy slain in battle, was from 
5in. to 6in. in length, and sometimes finely carved. It was generally 
carried suspended from the neck by a piece of string, a loop at one em 
being passed over a toggle at the other end. This toggle, called whi, was а 
small piece of white albatross-bone. A hole was pierced on one side at the 
middle, the cord passed into the hollow of the bone and knotted so as to 
prevent its slipping out again. Mr. Graham, above referred to, says the 
toggle was called poro; and, the albatross being toroa, the full name was 
poro-toroa when the bone of that bird was used. Human-bone and moa- 
