16 
P. orientalis, Carr. Twig scarcely bent or thickened, bearing 
along one side needles enlarzed a5 their bases but not joined to 
one another. Between then live numerons examples of Chermes 
orientalis, Dreyfu 
P. sitchensis, Trautv. and Mey. Galls somewhat similar to those 
on P. ex :elsa, only differing in being a deeper green, occur on this i 
species; they may be the work of Chermes Abietis, L. 
OAK-GALLS. 
By R. A. Rolfe, A.L.S. 
Some years ago I paid considerable attention to the Oak-galls 
occurring in the Quercetum at sem, particularly with respect to 
their beer range (see Entomologist, 1881, pp. 54-58, and 
1883, 29-32). Attention was called to the subject by the 
Stelle of the common currant-gall on an evergreen oak of 
doubtful origin, but which is now agreed to be a hybrid between 
Q. pedunculata, Willd. and Q. Tlex, L. The occurrence 
Quercus 
numerous species of from various parts of the world 
n ximity, Heim naturally furnish an oppor- 
tunity for the spread of certain galls, if such species formed a 
ity for the s ed 
suitable food-plant for the gall-making insect, and although 
I succeeded in finding galls on six European and one Japanese 
podies of cus, I never found a gall of:the common 
oak on Ta an American species or on the European 
Q. Cerris, L., the “ mossy-cupped ” oak, even when the branches 
interlaced, peni shows the existence of some barrier to their 
ersal. 
as well as two vernal forms, making five in 
It will be observed that several galls are ahai — ~~ 
following list which theoretically ought to occu ur, the 
sponding seasonal form having been found, but it should be added 
that it was not found possible to make an extended search at 
n seasons, and in recent years, and it is highly probable that 
several others will yet be added to the list. During 1902 I again 
paid some attention to the vernal forms, but without making any 
addition to the list ; the season seems to have been unfavourable, 
ai bor E hic are usually common were only met with in 
i 
Quercus s Willd. Probably no species of plant is so 
subject Pd attacks of gall-making insects as the common 
fruits; and their variation ir. size, appearance, and istos 
