394. 
begin to turn pes; they may then be uprooted, left on the 
ground to dr a day or two, when the seed may be beaten out 
with a flail or em stick. 
Rain or moisture is detrimental to the eed and seed once 
they ae been gathered and prepared for s 
The plants will begin to flower about 4 Sons after sowing, 
the flowers may be gathered for a month or six weeks, and the 
seeds will ripen in the course of Ratha month, the time poiipied 
with the crop being altogether from six to seven months. 
A trade existed in the dye [‘‘Cossumba”’ or *Kusumbha"'] 
as early as 1644 (see The English Factories in India 16421645, 
pp- 136, 161, 167, 212). 
The imports of Safflower into the United Kingdom 50 or 60 
years ago were calculated in tons (405 tons in 1847; 506 tons in 
1848; 407 tons in 1849, etc.), the price according to quality being 
from £1-£8 per cwt. ., imported from Bombay and Bengal into 
London and Liverpool in bales of 13 cwt. (Poole, Stat. Br. Comm. 
p. 267). In 1894, ewt. value £1742, were imported into 
England from Madras (4 cwt.) and Bengal (397 cwt.) (Trade of 
the United Kingdom, 1895, p. 58) and in 1899, 20 cwt., value £62, 
came in from India (l.c. 1900, p. 167), the ‘last year in which 
returns are shown by the Customs. 
The exports of the dye from India now go mainly to Hong Kong 
Watt, Comm. Prod. India, p. 280). For at least 100 years the 
trade in this substance flourished (see Watt l.c. for some figures), 
but at the present time the chief value lies in the seed and oil, 
known in the commerce of this country as ‘‘ Kurdee," for w ich 
upwards of 600,000 acres are cultivated annually in Bomba 
(le. p. 281) in association with wheat or gram. Seed from 
Nyasaland has been fo € to ec 29:6 per cent. of oil, nearly 
equal to the average quality of Indian Safflower seed sold on the 
London Market value d robe po £7 10s. per ton (Bull. 
Imp. Inst. xi. 1918, p. 560). 
FKef.—'' Carthamus e Field and Garden Crops, 
Duthie and Fuller, i. pp. 51-54 een Civil Eng. Coll. Press, 
882)—— 2 rthamus tinctorius,” 
India, Watt, ii. 1889, pp. 183195. —* Carthame," in Les 
PL Industrielles, Heuzé, ii. pp. 342-351 (Libraire Agric. 
de la Maison Rustique, Paris, 1893).———'' Carthame des 
T iers,” in Drogues Simples d'Origin Vegetale, 
Planchon and Collin, pp. 30-32 (Paris, 1896 '* Carthamus 
tinctorius,’’ in Edible Oils used in India, Dunstan, in Agric. 
Ledger, No. 12, 1899, pp. 32-33; and in Tech. Rep. and Sci. 
Papers, Imp. Institute, 1903, pp. 128, 131.——-" Carthamus 
tinctorius: Safflower,”’ Abbey- Yates, in Agric. eie No. 11, 
1904, pp. 149-175. Carthamus tinctorius, Beam Report 
Welcome Res. Lab. Khartoum, 1908, p. 410, Analysis of Seed. 
‘Carthamus tinctorius," in Comm Prod. sis c Watt, 
pp. 276-283.——-'' Edible Oil from Safflower-Seed (Carthamus 
tinctorius)," in Trop. Agric. Ceylon, xxx. Jan. 1908, pp. 41-42. 
