LANNER FALCON. 33 
name to the right bird, and for drawing that distinction between this 
and the preceding species, which must in future prevent any mistake. 
There are few naturalists who have correctly distinguished this bird. 
Schlegel considers that Naumann and Buffon have rej>resented the true 
Lanner, killed at the beginning of the first moult, but they have taken 
it for the young of the Peregrine. The Lanner of Linnseus and Nill- 
son he thinks is identical with the Ger-Falcon of Norway. The bird 
described by Pennant as this species, appears to be the young of the 
Peregrine. Schlegel himself, in his "Zoology," described as new to 
science, a Falcon under the name of Falco Feldeggii, which upon more 
attentive examination he became convinced was no other than the bird 
known to Falconers, and first described by Belon, so long back as 1555, 
in his "Hist, de la Nat. des Oiseaux," as the true Lanner, the subject 
of the present notice. 
There is a specimen in the Museum of Mayence, of a young bird, 
killed at Hanau, which has considerable resemblance to the Falco 
Biarmicus of Temminck, but is distinguished by the colour as well as 
by the first quill feather being longer in the Lanner. The only 
Falcon for which it can be mistaken is the Peregrine, and here the 
likeness is considerable, but it may be readily distinguished by the 
greater proportionate length of its tail, by the toes being shorter, by 
the moustache (the dark longitudinal mark on the side of the head 
and neck) being less, by the feathers of the inferior parts being larger 
and softer, by the reddish colour of the nape, and by the absence of 
the transverse dark-coloured bands on the belly and thighs. 
The following I collate from Heuglin's "Vogel Nord Ost. Africas:" — 
Schlegel considers the Shahin only a climatical variety of the Lanner 
of Eastern Europe, and it is certain that the resemblance is very close, 
only that in the southern form the feathers are of a rusty red, while 
the crown of the head and the neck appear of a more lively red or 
are pale rusty yellow. (I presume Heuglin refers here to Falco baby- 
lonicus (the Redcap Falcon), which is called the Shahin by the Punjaub 
Falconers, and an excellent account of which will be found in Hume's 
recently published " Rough Notes of Indian Ornithology," part 1, Rap- 
tores.) Heuglin describes the Lanner under three different forms or 
races. 
(a) The Nubian Lanner (Falco lanarius nubicus=F. tanypterus, 
LichtJ — In this bird the sides are sometimes sprinkled with grey, and 
in many individuals there is across the forehead and between the eyes 
a smoky-black band, which, however, is not so sharply denned as in 
F. barbarus. Crown of head and neck generally rusty yellow, with 
often a darker band on the neck; the upper parts of the body vary in 
VOL. i. f 
