HYMENOPTERA. 107 



HYMENOPTERA. 



The Bees, Wasps, Saw-flies, Ants, and other members of this 

 suborder ditfer from all other insects in having, in the higher and 

 more typical forms, the basal joint of the abdomen thrown for- 

 ward upon and intimately united with the thorax. The head 

 is large, with large compound eyes, and three ocelli. The 

 movith-parts are well developed both for biting, and feeding on 

 the sweets of plants, the ligula especially, used in lapping 

 nectar, being greatly developed. The other regions of the 

 body are more distinct than in other insects ; the wings are 

 small but powerful, with coinparatively few and somewhat 

 irregular veins, adapted for powerful and long-sustained flights ; 

 and the genital appendages retracted, except in the Ichneu- 

 mon parasites and Saw-flies, within the body, are in the female 

 modified into a sting. 



The transformations of this suborder are the most complete 

 of all insects ; the larvae in their general form are more unlike 

 the adult insects than in any other suborder, while the pupse, 

 on the other hand, most clearly approximate to the imago. 

 The larvK are short, cjdindrical, footless (excepting the 3'oung 

 of the Saw-flies, the lowest family, which are provided with 

 abdominal legs like Lepidopterous larvae), worm-like grubs, 

 which are helpless, and have to be fed by the prevision of the 

 parent. The pupa has the limbs free, and is generally contained 

 in a thin silken cocoon ; that of the Saw-flies, however, being 

 thick. 



The Hymenoptera exhibit, according to Professor Dana, the 

 normal size of the insect-type. "This archetypic size is be- 



-NOTE to.page 106.— Kay divided the Hexapods into Coleoptera and Anetoptera, 

 the latter division embracing all the other suborders except the Coleoptera. His 

 Ametamorpliota Ilexapoda contained tlie wingless hexapoda; while the Ametamor- 

 phota polypoda comprise the Myriapods, and the A. octopoda the Arachnids. Lin- 

 nreus' Aptera (with numerous feet) are equivalent to the Myriapods, and his Aptera 

 (with S-14 feet) to the Araclmids. In Fabricius' system the Eleutherata are equiva- 

 lent to the Coleoptera; the ?7Zo?irti;« to the Orthoptera ; the %«(■.?;{«/« to the Neurop- 

 tera; the Piezata to the Hymenoptera; the Odonata to theLibellulida;; the Glossata 

 to the Lepidoptera; the llliyngota to the Hemiptera; the Antliata to tlie Diptera. 

 The Mitosnta are the Myriapods, and the Unogata, the Araclmids. In Latreille's 

 system the Suctoria, or Fleas, are now referred to the Diptera; the Parasita or 

 Lice, to the Hemiptera, and the Thysanurato the Xeuroptera. 



