112 HYMENOPTEEA. 



wax "is prodiicod b^^ an exudation from the thin membranes 

 which connect the different parts of tlie legs. Moreover, many 

 other Insects (Coccidoe and AiMdce^Flata^ etc.) have secretoiy 

 products whicli transude through the skin without the existence 

 of any special glandular apparatus, and which are hardened by 

 the air like Avax. These products are usually whitish, pulver- 

 ulent, filamentous, or flocculent substances, which catch upon 

 the surface of bodies," He also states that there are no such 

 glands (as are supposed by some to secrete this substance) in the 

 " bee-Avorkers ; but if certain Andrenidre are examined, there 

 will be found, on each side of their posterior tibiie, a small pyri- 

 form follicle Avith an excretoiy duct, and Avhich secretes an oil}' 

 substance." Gerstrecker states that the Avax is produced on 

 the under side of the abdominal segments. It is formed by 

 chemical changes in the food during the process of nutrition. 



The honey is elaborated by an unknoAAai chemical process, 

 from the food contained in the proA^entriculus, or crop, and 

 which is regurgitated into the honej'-cells. 



The OA^aries consist of many-chambered, four, six, or a hun- 

 dred, short tubes. "The receptacida seminis is nearly alwaj's 

 simple, round or OA^oid, and necked, and is prolonged into a 

 usually short seminal duct." The gJandida cippendicidaris con- 

 sists of a bifurcate tube Avhich opens into the ductus semincdis, 

 and only rarely into the capsida seminalis itself. 



In the Tenthredinidce ^ "this apparatus is formed on a 

 different type ;. the seminal A^esicle is a simple diA'erticulum of 

 the vagina, and more or less distinct from it, besides it is defi- 

 cient in the accessory gland. The copulatory pouch is absent in 

 all the Hymenoptera, as are also the sebaceous glands AA'ith those 

 females Avhich have a sting and a poison gland," while in other 

 insects the sebaceous glands are present, and it AA'ould be nat- 

 urally inferred, therefore, that the tAA^o are homologous, but 

 modified for diverse functions. 



The two testes of the male are "composed of long follicles, 

 fasciculate and surrounded, together Avith a portion of the 

 torose deferent canal, by a common enA'^elope ; but more com- 

 monty the two testes are contained in a capsule situated on the 

 Biedian line of the body." (Siebold.) 



The eggs are usually long, cylindi'ical, and slightly curved in 



