ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 35 



Riley-Hubbard Emulsion. — Consists of half-a-pound of hard soap in one gallon of 

 ■water. Boil till dissolved, and then add two gallons of coal oil, and mix thoroughly for 

 about five minutes. When properly mixed it will adhere to glass without oiliness. This 

 can be done by forcing it through the nozzle of a force-pump repeatedly until the mixture 

 appears complete. It will then form a creamy mass which thickens into a jelly-like 

 substance on cooling. In using dilute with nine parts of soft water, This form is very com- 

 monly used and is easily prepared. If the foliage is very tender the emulsion must be 

 more dilute, fifteen to t wenty parts water. 



Whale-oil soap is better than the common hard soap, especially if the emulsion is 

 to be kept for some time. Soft soap may be used instead of hard, using one quart. 

 Where the water is very hard sour milk may be taken ; in that case you require 

 only to mix the coal oil (two gallons) and milk (one gallon) to get the emulsion, the soap 

 not being required. This emulsion is liable to spoil if kept long. Kerosene emulsion is 

 •a most successful remedy for plant lice and scale insects. 



3. Barriers. 



Using barriers to check the progress of injurious forms, such as chinch bug, army 

 worm, etc. 



4. Traps, Baits. 



Entrapping the insects, such as codling moth, canker worm and out worms. 



■■-^m (a) Trap the larvae crawling up and down the trunk by bands of rough cloth or 

 tow, under whichfthey will crawl and spin their cocoons. 



(b ) Use means to trap the climbing females. This may be done by putting a band 

 of some material smeared with tar around the tree, or using what are known as " tree 

 protectors," a sort of funnel-shaped structure that is fastened around the tree three or 

 four feet from the ground ; these prevent the females from getting up the tree. 



(c) In gardens poisoned baits may be successfully used, such as small bunches of 

 clover, cabbage leaves, etc., dipped in Paris green solution (one pound Paris green to one 

 hundred gallons water), and placed near the attacked plants. The cut worms will feed 

 upon these and be destroyed. 



5. Agricultural. 



1. A proper 'rotation, so as to avoid sowing crops in fields where they are likely 

 to be destroyed by insects. 



2. Using good seed, e.g., peas without bugs. 



3. Varying the seeding time so as to have the plants either too late or too early to 

 be attacked by injurious insects. 



4. Summer fallowing, so as to starve the insects and expose them to birds, etc. 



5. Drainage. Some insects prefer moist soil, in such cases drainage will render it 

 xmfit for them. 



6. Fall plowing is injurious to many insects especially the wire worm. 



7. Manure. The use of manure helps the plants and enables them to overcome 

 insect attacks. Vigorous plants are more likely to escape than sickly ones. 



If such an outline were followed, a portion being taken for each talk, the leading 

 principles of economic entomology would soon become familiar. Then, particular insects 

 might be studied, and the pupils be encouraged to work out the life history of some. 

 Starting with the egg, and observing the different stages passed until the perfect insect 

 is reached. 



