90 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 



second skin. At this time the females are so tightly cemented to the scale that they 

 cannot be moved without crushing. In two or three days more, or twenty to twenty-one 

 days after hatching, the females cast their Becond skin, which splits around the margin of 

 the body. At twenty-four days the males begin to issue, emerging from their scales, as a 

 general thing at night. At thirty days the females are about full grown, and embryonic 

 young can be seen within their bodies ; and at i'rom thirty-three to forty days the larvce 

 begin to make their appearance. 



" These observations were made upon young which were born of over-wintered 

 mothers late in June; but it must be remembered that similar larvae bad been hatching 

 since the middle of May. The period of thirty-eight to forty days may be accepted as 

 the length of time occupied by a single generation ; but, while this particulai generation 

 came out in the insectary about the 1st of August, the adults of the second generation 

 from the earliest born individuals would have made their appearance toward the end 

 of June. Full grown females which began to give birth to the second generation of 

 young on August 1 were kept in view. Three weeks later they were seen still to 

 contain numerous embryos. Young larva? were running about, while others of the same 

 generation were in all stages of development. The male scales were fully formed, and 

 some contained mature puree. The small trees upon which these insects were colonized 

 the third week in June were almost completely covered with the scale. The larva? 

 evidently made no effort to crawl away from the tree, and none, in fact, reached the 

 rim of the flower pot. The greatest distance away from the tree at which larva? were 

 noticed was about two inches. Up to this time the insects had confined themselves 

 almost entirely to the branches, and the leaves were still quite free. The first males 

 of the second generation were noticed on August 27. By September 7, or five weeks 

 and a half after the adult females of the first brood began to give birth to young, some 

 of them were still living and giving birth to occasional young. The majority of them, 

 however, were dead or nearly exhausted, while their first larva? were almost ready to 

 reproduce. Five days later a few of them were still giving birth to an occasional 

 young, while their offspring were also rapidly reproducing. 



"At the rate of development observed, between May 15 and October 15 four 

 generations from the over- wintered females developed. The larvae continued to issue 

 until after the first frost in October, at Washington, and on October 24, at Lewisburg, 

 Pa., the writer saw recently-settled larva? of not more than five days of age. 



" There seem to be five generations in the latitude of Washington. Owing to the 

 method of reproduction, these generations immediately become inextricably confused, 

 and the insect after the middle of June may be found at any time in almost any con- 

 dition. The females which over-winter have, in the great majority of cases, reached a 

 sufficient degree of maturity to have become impregnated by late issuing males. It 

 seems probable that the male rarely hibernates in any stage, although we received on 

 April 3, from Charlottesville, Va., twigs which carried a few male scales containing males 

 in the pupa state. These probably hibernated as full grown male larva?. Whether unfer- 

 tilized females over-winter we are not certain ; if they do, these occasional over-winter- 

 ing males will fertilize them. 



" The San Jose 7 scale differs from all others in the peculiar reddening effect which it 

 produces upon the skin of the fruit and of tender twigs. This very ckaracteiistic feature 

 of the insect's work renders it easy to distinguish. Around the margin of each female 

 scale is a circular band of this reddish discoloration, and the cambium layer of a young 

 twig where the scales are massed together f requeutly becomes deep red or purplish. S nail 

 spots on fruit produced by a common fungus Entomosporiuvi maculatum, Lev., sometimes 

 so closely resemble the spots made by the scale as to require close examination with a lens. 

 When occurring in winter upon the bark of a twig in large numbers, the scales lie close 

 together, frequently overlapping, and are at such times difficult to distinguish without a 

 magnifying glass. The general appearance which they present is of a grayish, very slightly 

 roughened, scurfy deposit. The rich natural reddish color of the twigs of peach and apple 

 is quite obscured when these trees are thickly infested, and they have then every appear- 



