98 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 



In those days there was much clearing of land on the hilk-ides and burning of brush 

 heaps and log-piles, and the frequent fires and eddying smoke kept down the numbers of 

 the insect peets of the meadow and the lawn. 



The arable land, on which hardwood timber had formerly grown and which was free 

 from stumps, was, in many districts, comparatively of small extent and was well worked. 

 On the newly burnt land Indian corn, turnips and potatoes were grown for a season or 

 two, and then Herd's grass seed waB freely scattered to convert it into pasture. 



In the neighborhood of South Quebec we have at the present day much slovenly 

 farming. Last June I noticed a meadow in which the grass stood tall and rank and 

 uniform, but it was a meadow of Couch (Triticum repens, L.). A meadow golden with 

 that very handsome but most objectionable plant, the Hawkweed (Hieracium Canadense, 

 Michx.), or blue with the Succory (Cichormm intybus, L ) is often seen. A really good 

 meadow of Herd's grass or clover is not common, and what an Eoglishman would call a 

 fine lawn is hardly to be found in the province. The moist, salt air of the old oountry 

 seems to be necessary to bring a lawn into perfect condition. It is not my present 

 purpose to to tell of the agricultural remedies for this state of things. I have alluded to 

 it because I wish to say that good tillage has a decided tendency to keep down the num- 

 bers of pernicious insects, and that in a well-considered and worked out succession of crops 

 the meadow is likely to thrive. Fall plowing will expose many grub3 and pupse to the 

 attacks of birds and the action of the frost ; and cross-ploughing in the spring will give 

 the birds further opportunities that they will be sure to profit by. The occasional removal 

 of rail fences and the rooting out of the growth that springs up about them, will destroy 

 the harbourage of numerous foes ; and frequent mowing and the free use of the roller will 

 not only beautify the lawn but crush out of existence many cf its insect spoilers. 



Of the Lepidoptera certain groups are especially graminivorous. They belong to t 

 Satyrince and the Hesperidce in the Rhopalocera ; the Ctenuchidce, the Arctiidce, and the 

 Noctuidoz in the Heterocera ; and the Crambidce in the Pyralidina. 



Satyrin^e 



The Quebec Satyrinse are : — Debis Portlandia, Fabr., Neonympha Canthus, Bd.-Lec, 

 Neonympha JEurytris, Fabr., Satyrus Nephele, Kirby, Chio?wbae Jutta, Hubner. 



The most common of them is Satyrus Nephele, Kirby, " The dull-eyed Grayling." It 

 appears in July, and frequents the open fields and the borders of woods and copses. 

 Around Montreal it is abundant, in its season, on thistle heads, in neglected spots. 



It is brown, with a broad paler brown band near the outer edge of the fore-wings. 

 In this band are two conspicuous eye-like spots. These consist of a bluish white central 

 spot, surrounded by a black circle and a very pale outer circle. The under side of the 

 wings has numerous dark brown cross markings. It lays its eggs in August, and the 

 young larva? hibernate in the first stage. 



In colour the full. grown larva is yellowish green, with a dark green dorsal line and a 

 yellow stigmatic line. It has a reddish fork at the extremity of the body. 



Neonympha Oanthus (Fig. 85) is smaller than Nephele, and is of a light sandy brown. 



Its spots are more numerous, and each spot on the 

 under side of the hind wings has two pale rings 

 around the black one. Note. — At the anal angle 

 there are twin spots close together and thus encircled. 

 Canthus frequents upland meadows, and appears in 

 July. The female lays her eggs in the end of that 

 month. 



The larva is green, with darker green and yel- 

 low longitudinal lines, and it has cephalic and 

 terminal horns. It hibernate3 in the last stage of 

 Fig. 8 '> its growth. 



