82 



ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO. 



hatched mite-like larvae to the full-grown insects. In 6evere cases of infestation this 

 massing of the scales produces a scurfy appearance of the bark, which when once seen 

 is easily recognized. On young twigs and fruit and leaves, there is usually a well 

 denned purplish ring surrounding each scale, and although this purpling effect is pro- 

 duced by a few other scales, such as the Putnam scale (A. ancylus, Put.), it is particul- 

 arly characteristic of the San Jose' scale, and even upon large branches, although invisible 

 at the surface, may be found by cutting away some of the bark. 



The scales of the males and females differ somewhat in shape. 



Female : — Scale very thin, almost circular in outline, much flattened ; size ranging from 

 one- twentieth to one-eighth of an inch in diameter white at first, becoming grayish or black- 

 ish, and later much blackened by the fungus lumago saliciyia, so common on trees attacked 

 by many kinds of bark-lice and plant lice. In the centre of the sc.ile is a small dark 

 or yellowish nipple-like elevation surrounded by a distinct circular darkened depression, 

 which, as pointed out by Prof. Webster, is one of the best distinguishing marks between 

 this scale and some closely allied species. 



Male : — Scale about half the size of that of the female, rounded-oblong, with the 

 nipple-like elevation nearer one end than the middle. 



Life History. — The winter is passed by the partially grown insects beneath their 

 scales. "With the return of warm weather next spring growth is resumed, and the 

 males reach maturity a few days before the females. They are extremely small two-winged 

 flies, and when examined under a magnifying glass are found to have orange-yellow 

 bodies, iridescent dusky wings and black eyes. The minute creatures have no mouths, 



Fig. 55. Female scale much enlarged. 



so can take no food ; consequently, having fertilized the females, they very soon die. 

 The date when the females become full grown and begin to produce young vaiies, of 

 course, with localities and climate. In Arizona the young lanse are recorded as appear- 

 ing in March. At Washington it is by the middie of May ; in the State of New York, 

 early in June; at Amherst, Mass., they were first noticed 1 2ih June; and, as far as 

 I can learn, between the middle of June and 1st July in our Niagara district. Mosfe 

 careful observations have been made under cirection of the U. S. Entomologist, by Mr. 

 Theo. Pergande. The following cordensed life history is compiled chiefly from U. „S. 

 Div. of Entom. Bui. No. 3, N.S., in which Mr. Pergande's observations are recorded. 



