44 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 



of the bug tribe creep from the soil at the foot of a large elm-tree (Fig. 8a) and begin to 

 climb the trunk. I eat down and watched it. After asoending about two feet it dug its 

 claws (It was very well provided with claws !) into the irregularities of the bark and 

 took a firm hold. It then commenced to writhe and twist as if it were taken with a 

 violent internal disorder. Surely something will come of all this commotion I said to 

 myself; and something did result — its skin was suddenly rent from the head to the 

 abdomen (Fig. 8b), and the creature began coolly to crawl out of its own skin, drawing 

 out its legs as if it were taking off its boots. When quite free it shook out its wings, 

 and in a few moments presented the appearance of a perfect cicada. (Fig. 8c.) 



The female cicada is furnished with a remarkable organ, one part of which resembles 

 a double key-hole saw. With this she cuts iDto the bark of the tree and forms a recep- 

 tacle for her eggs. These eggs she carefully deposits. After a while they hatch, and the 

 larvae which come from them find their way to the roots of the tree, into which they thrust 

 their beaks. Then commences the work of suction that lasts for a length of time — the 

 juices of the tree being the only nourishment the creatures receive. One species of cicada 

 (C. septemdecim Linneus) spends 17 years at this employment. 



It is in orchards of some standing that the cicadas are most likely to establish them- 

 selves ; and it may be that the operations of these hidden foes have more to do with the 

 occasional shortage of fruit than people have an idea of. How to reach the spoilers is a 

 problem. Probably one of the best suggestions that has been made is, to enclose the 

 orchard with a sufficient fence, and then, to do as the people above-mentioned did with 

 the garden — turn the hogs into it. The animals will grub (grub is a very appropriate 

 word !) about the roots, and destroy a variety of larvae and pupae. They will loosen the 

 sod and let in the air ; and their droppings will help to fertilize the soil. The use of the 

 bush-harrow and the rake, and the scattering of a little grass seed after the animals have 

 been removed will repair the damage they may have done. 



Against the biting insects the campaign should begin after the leaves have fallen. 

 The fruit-trees should then be carefully examined for the eggs of some kinds and the 

 cocoons of others. The bead like eggs of the Brown Vapourer (Orgyia antiqua, 

 Linnaeus,) attached to the vacated cocoons of the mother insects, and the egg- 

 patches of the Gray Vapourer (0. leucostigma, A. <fe S.), covered with a protective 

 that resembles sugar frosting, will be found readily enough where the creatures 

 are plentiful. The brown elongated masses of the eggs of the Lackey Moths 

 (Clisiocampa Americana, Harris, and C. disstria, Hubner,) should be looked for 

 on the twigs (Fig. 9), and when found cut away and destroyed, as should also the 

 cocoons of the Saturnians. 



As soon as the buds appear in the spring, Paris green and water well stirred 



should be applied to the fruit trees by means of a force pump and spraying nozzle. 



This spraying will destroy the injurious "bud- worms," " leaf crumplers," "canker 



worms," etc., and later applications will overcome those troublesome pests the 



Fig. 9. "tent-caterpillars " and " fall web worms," and other less conspicuous foes. 



White hellebore, applied with a dredger, or mixed with water and sprinkled 

 with a can over the fruit-bushes will kill the larvae of the "currant saw-fly" (Nematxis 

 ventricosus Klug) Fig 10, and those of the span-worm (Enfitchia ribearia Fitch) Fig 11. 

 A like application to the rose bushes will free those plants from " slug-worm " 

 (Selandria rosoe Harris), and from the leaf-crumpling caterpillars of the pretty little 

 brown and white Tortrix Penthina nimbatana Clemens). 



With one notable exception our butterflies can hardly be said to be injurious. The 

 larvae of most of them feed on weeds or plants of little value. A few of them feed on 

 cultivated plants. 



Papilio turnus Linnaeus, feeds on the apple, etc, 



P. asterias Fabricius, feeds on the parsnip, carrot, etc. 



