■M THE REPORT OF THE [19 



the best means of evading or guarding against them." The first prize was awarded to 

 Professor H. Y. Hind of Trinity College, Toronto, and his Essay on the Insects and 

 Diseases of "Wheat appeared in 1857, being the first publication relating to applied ento- 

 mology, issued by the Canadian Government. In the meantime, the United States 

 Department of Agriculture had secured the services of Mr. Townend Glover, an Eng- 

 lishman, born in Rio de Janeiro, South America, in 1813, and who, after much wander- 

 ing about, had finally settled in the United States, about 1836. June 14, 1854, Mr. 

 Glover received his appointment " For Collecting statistics and other information on 

 seeds, fruits and insects in the United States" This was just about the time that the 

 new Bureau of Agriculture was established, and attached to the United States Patent 

 Office, and the Report of the latter for the year 1854 contains the first of a series of 

 reports, on various insects injurious and beneficial to vegetation, though this was the 

 exact title of the first only. The reports for 1854 and 1855 are fully illustrated. In 

 the winter of 1856 57, Mr. Glover was ordered to British Guiana and Venezuela, and 

 there is nothing from him in the Patent Office report for 1856 ; but in 1857 he again 

 appeals, though his articles are also signed by the Chief Clerk, D. J. Brown, by initials 

 only, and this is true of the reports of the Patent Office for the years 1858 and 1859. 

 The entomological paper for the year 1860 was prepared by Mr. P. R. Uhler of Balti- 

 more, Md. Although Mr. Glover was not in evidence in these documents at tbis time, he 

 was not idle, as will appear later. But the Government had now taken the initiatory step 

 and recognized economic entomology. In the meantime Dr. William LeBaron of Illinois, 

 afterwards State Entomologist of that State, began the publication of contributions on 

 Injurious and Beneficial insects, in the " Prairie Farmer " in 1850, and continued to do 

 so until 1874, two years prior to his death. Miss Margaretta Hare Morris, who began 

 to study the habits of injurious insects in 1841, continued her work and publications up 

 to 1860. Thus it will be seen that the applied science was making rapid strides, not 

 alone as to the study of insects themselves, but in the diffusion of the knowledge gained 

 by these studies, among the horticultural and agricultural, masses, and the literature of 

 these industries at this period is even now very interesting to economic entomologists. 

 One can scarcely prepare a paper on many of our common insects without referring back 

 to the volumes of the Prairie Farmer, The Country Gentleman, The Canadian Journal, 

 The Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, and others of that character. 



But how about the pure science ? Has. that branch been allowed to fall behind and 

 the workers therein become discouraged 1 Though discouraged they probably were, many 

 times, yet there does not appear to have been any lagging behind or giving over to de- 

 spair. Dr. John L, LeConte did not terminate his labors with the preparation of 

 Melsheimer's Catalogue of the Coleoptera ; but the volumes of the Proceedings of the 

 Philadelphia Academy of Science from 1852 to 1865 are filled ,with his descriptions, and, 

 besides, there were many papers published in the Transactions of the American Philoso- 

 phical Society, and other similar publications. In 1857, Baron R. Oaten Sacken, of the 

 Russian Legation at Washington, having been interested in the Diptera, at the solicita- 

 tion of the Smithsonian Institution, prepared for publication a Catalogue of the described 

 Diptera of North America, and including the West Indies, Central America and Mexico. 

 In his preface to this Catalogue, which was published by the Smithsonian Institution, in 

 1858, Baron Osten Sacken expresses the hope that it will encourage the study of the 

 Diptera, as rapidly as Melsheimer's Catalogue of the Coleoptera had furthered the study 

 of that order of insects. In continuation of this work on the Diptera, there appeared, 

 from the same Institution, in 1862, Part I, of the Monographs of the Diptera of North 

 America, by H. Loew, edited, with additions, by Baron Osten Sacken. Part II, of the 

 same series, appeared in 1864; Part III, by Dr. Loew alone, in 1873, and Part IV, by 

 Osten Sacken alone, in 1869. Dr John G. Morri3, an entomologist of Baltimore, had 

 been gathering materials, and in 1860 the Smithsonian Institution published a Catalogue 

 of North American Lepidoptera, and a Synopsis of American Lepidoptera to accompany 

 this, in 1862, though Part I only was published. In 1861, a synopsis of the Neuroptera 

 of North America, by Dr. H. Hagen, LeConte's Coleopcera of Kansas in 1859, his Classi- 

 fication of Coleoptera of North America in 1862, his List of the Coleoptera of North 



