AS? GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 
VII.—THE ORDER PHYLLOCARIDA AND ITS SYSTEMATIC POSITION. 
Having studied the Phyllopoda, we may now discuss the relationships 
of Nebalia and the group which it represents. 
History of the Phyllocarida.—The genus Nebalia was first established 
by Leach! in his Zoological Miscellany, vol. 1, p. 99,1814. Nebalia 
geoffroyt Kdwards, was described and the external appendages figured 
by Milne-Edwards in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles,: tome 13, p. 
297, 1828, and in the 2d series, tome 3, p. 309. Our Nebalia bipes was 
originally described under the name of Cancer bipes by Otho Fabricius 
in his Fauna Groenlandica, 1780. 
In his Histoire naturelle des Crustacés (1840) Milne-Edwards places 
Nebalia in the family Apusidze among the Phyllopoda; at the same time 
he remarks: ‘‘Les Nébalies sont de petits crustacés tres-curieux qui, a 
raison de leurs yeux pédonculés et de leur carapace, se rapprochent des 
Podophthalmes, mais qui ne possedent par de branchées proprement 
dites, et respirent a Vaide des membres thoraciques devenus mem- 
braneux et foliacés. Elles semblent, a plusieurs égards, établir le pas- 
sage entre les Mysis et les Apus.” ! 
In 1850 Baird, in his British Entomostraca, founded the family 
Nebaliade, regarding Nebalia as a Phyllopod. 
In 1853, in his great work on Crustacea, Prof. J. D. Dana gave the 
name Nebaliade to the family, with a diagnosis. He placed the group 
in his tribe Artemioidea in the Legio Phyllopoda. 
Nebalia remained, by the general consent of carcinologists, in the 
Phyllopoda until Metschnikott, in 1865, published an abstract of his 
essay on the development of Nebalia geoffroyt, which appeared in full 
in 1868. Unfortunately, his work was published in Russian, but Fritz 
Miiller, in his “Fiir Darwin,” quotes as follows from Metschnikoff, 
“that Nebalia, during its embryonal life, passes through the Nauplius 
and zoea stages, which in the Decapoda occur partly (in Penéus) in the 
free state.” ‘Therefore, I regard Nebalia as a Phyllopodiform Deca- 
pod.” 
In 1872, Claus gave an account, with excellent figures, of the external 
anatomy of Nebalia geoffroyi; and in 1876, in his valuable work on the 
genealogy of Crustacea, he described the internal anatomy of the same 
species. : 
In 1875, in his “Atlantic Crustacea from the Challenger Expedition,” 
Willemoes-Suhm placed the Nebaliade among the Schizopoda. While, 
however, the thoracic appendages of his Nebalia longipes have very 
narrow respiratory lobes (exites), yet they can be directly homologized 
with those of the other species of Nebalia, and in all other characters 
N. longipes does not differ essentially from the other species of the genus. 
In 1879, in the American Naturalist for February, 1879, and in our 
“Zoology” (1879) we proposed the name Phyllocarida for Nebalia and 
1¢Yr. Leach, in his ‘Naturalist’s Miscellany,’ vol. 1, p. 99, published in 1814, 
describes it [ Nebalia bipes] more fully than Montagu, and says the species he describes 
is not uncommon on the southwestern and western coasts of England. As he saw 
that it constituted a very distinct genus trom any previously given by modern writers, 
he formed the genus Nebalia to receive it, and adds, ‘in a systematic work this genus 
would hold a very conspicuous and important place, as it is not referable to any 
family hitherto established.’ In a paper published soon afterwards by him, in vol. 
xiof the Linnean Transactions, on the Arrangement of the Crustacea, he assigns its 
place amongst the Malacostraca, in the order Macroura; in which he is followed by 
Lamarck, Bosc, and Desmarest, Latreille, Olivier, and Risso; the three latter authors, 
however, referring the species described to the genus Mysis.” Baird’s British Ento- 
mostraca, p. 32. 1850. 
