APPENDIX. 
A.-ON ARTEMIA FERTILIS VERRILL, FROM GREAT SALT 
LAKE, UTAH TERRITORY.! 
By Pror. C. TH. VON SIEBOLD, of Munich. 
[Translated by Dr. Phil. Carl F. Gissler, of Providence, R. I.] 
Having positively convinced myself several years ago that Artemia 
salina, which is known to inhabit in countless numbers shallow brackish 
water ponds along the shores of Europe, in those localities propagates 
parthenogenetically without males,? I put to myself the question 
whether this was also the case with other species of the genus Artemia. 
To solve this problem I conceived the idea of procuring live specimens 
of the brine-shrimp from the Great Salt Lake of Utah, which I knew 
to occur there in both sexes and in great numbers. The middle of 
March this year (1876) I obtained, through the kindness of Dr. Hermann 
A. Hagen, of Cambridge, Mass., a considerable quantity of dried mud 
from the Great Salt Lake, with which I experimented in the following 
manner: Toward the end of March, of the same year, I divided some 
of the dried mud into several shallow glass jars, pouring over it on the 
6th of April artificially prepared sea-water, using common hydrant- 
water and Reichenhaller brine. On the 8th day of April already the 
water in one of these jars swarmed with Nauplii, the hatching of which 
I eagerly watched, as I observed many brown Artemia eggs on stirring 
up the mud infusions. The brood prospered excellently, the mud being 
evidently impregnated with organic matter, the latter serving as food 
during their different moults and stages of development; and already 
on April 16, about eleven. days after hatching, indications of sexual 
characters could be perceived, in the male sex perceptible by a stouter 
swelling of the claspers. This sexual character, after which the dif- 
ferentiation of the organs of reproduction appear, refers to the organs 
of copulation only, and not to the true fructification organs, and was 
for my experiments of great importance. This early differentiation of 
the male and female individuals of Artemia fertilis gave me occasion to 
distinguish the males from the females, and to keep them separate al- 
ready at atime before the internal sexual organs, the testicles of the 
males and the ovaries of the females, began to develop. The second 
pair of legs of the six-footed Nauplius is, after the first moult, promi- 
1Ueber die in Miinchen geziichtete Artemia fertilis aus dem grossen Salzsee von 
Utab. Von Prof. C. v. Siebold in Miinchen. Separatabdruck ans den Verhandlungen 
der 59ten Jahresversammlung der Schweiz. naturf. Gesellschaft in Basel, 1876. Basel, 
1877. 8°. pp. 16. 
So much that is of great interest in connection with the doctrine of evolution and 
of parthenogenesis has been published regarding the Phyllopods, that we avail our- 
self of the kind permission to insert, as an appendix, the most important papers which 
have appeared. Iam indebted to Dr. C. F, Gissler for this and the following transla- 
tions and abtracts. 
2See my lecture on “‘ Parthenogenesis of Artemia salina,” in the Sitzungsberichte 
der mathematisch-physikalischen Classe der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, of 
June 7, 1873, p. 163. 
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