PACKARD. ] PARTHENOGENESIS IN ARTEMIA. 465 
To verify whether those eggs were really unfertilized, I arranged 
another large jar with artificial sea water and marked it with f. Into 
this jar I placed some Triest marine mud which had been previously 
boiled to destroy any eggs possibly contained therein. The adult 
females placed in this jar prospered well. The number of adult females 
in jars a and b continually increased, counting, on February 1, 24 fe- 
males, all with brown eggs in their egg-sacs. Six of these females 
dropped their eggs on February 5, their ovaries again showing activity. 
IT again arranged another jar, bearing the letter h, placing previously 
boiled mud into it and those 6 females, whose egg-sacs, on February 16, 
contained for the second time brown eggs, and again the same day I 
placed 8 more specimens into it, taken from jar /, which afterwards 
prepared themselves for a third oviposition, so that 1 was urged to take 
for those 14 females another moderately large jar, bearing the leiter 7, 
to allow them to deposit for a third time. On March 2 this jar 7 was 
arranged with the 14 females, the latter depositing their eggs during 
March; on April 15 ajar marked mwas prepared with boiled mud, placing 
2 females into it from jar 7, which were about to deposit for the fourth 
time. On May 4 one of the two deposited for the fourth time, and al- 
though a fifth series began to form, I did not prepare another jar; the 
specimen showed great weakness, and died subsequently. 
As a matter of course the females taken from jars a and b multiplied 
in the jars f, h, i,m. In jar f, out of which I took, up to February 28, 
14 females and placed them into jar h, I counted, on April 6, 39 females. 
It would be too tiresome to put down here all the notes as I wrote them 
down seriatim in reference to further development of Artemia, and I 
shall here briefly state the result of my experiments. The eggs were 
for the greater part on the surface of the muddy bottom. On March 
16, being the 40th day after my first raised virgin Artemiz deposited 
their eggs, I noticed two embryos of the Nauplius-stage, as tigured 
by Joly. For the sake of maintaining stricter control ot the embryos, 
of whose parthenogenetic origin I had to be fully convinced, I placed 
these, as well as all those later hatched in jar f, into a smaller jar, g, 
with some previously boiled Triest mud. On March 24 I had eight 
such embryos in jar g; counting on March 30, 22; and up to May 10 I 
had transferred 71 embryos from jar f into jar g. Henceforth the de- 
velopment in jar f increased rapidly (May 11, hatched 25, and May 12, 
49 embryos), so that up to May 23 I obtained from jar f 402 embryos. 
In this manner I verified that from eggs deposited by virgin females of Ar- 
temia salina, which were not fertilized by any male sperm, a brood can de- 
velope. The empty egg-shells were found to be partly floating on the 
surtace or hidden in the mud at the bottom. The fresh unhatched egg 
never swam on the surface, and the empty egg-shells on the bottom all 
showed a crack. 
Seventeen embryos were removed from jar g and placed in a jar 
marked k, with a quantity of prepared (boiled) Triest mud. This was 
done for better observing the sexual development. Of these 17 indi- 
viduals 5 were nearly full grown on April 30, with no indication of ova- 
ries, though with beginning egg-sac formation; two other individuals 
of those 17 Artemiz did not yet show, though full grown, any sexual 
differentiation. 
On May 10 I transferred from jar k those specimers which approached 
sexual maturity into a jar marked 0, together with some unprepared 
fresh-water clay-mud. These 14, in jar o transferred Artemiw develop- 
ing into egg-bearing females, prospered well in the salt water of the new 
jar, and filled, as usual, their intestine with mud as if they had had ma- 
30 H 
