466 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. 
rine mud. I had to take fresh-water mud because the marine mud be- 
gan to show signs of decomposition. 
On May 22 the four oldest individuals.in jar o had brown eggs; also 
all the others attained maturity by May 29, so that I was sure that these 
15 females would soon deposit for the first time their eggs. 
How many successive generations of Artemia salina retain the fac- 
ulty to reproduce parthencgenetically without males remains to be ex- 
amined. Joly made his observations with Artemiz from’ Southern 
France in 1840, and supposed that these Artemize must be either her- 
maphroditic, or, if really males existed, that a single fertilization was 
sufficient for many generations. 
It would be of interest to re-examine the specimens of Artemie of the 
localities cited in literature of the years 1840, 1755 (Schlosser), 1830 
(Thompson), 1851 (Leydig). Very likely the result would be that par- 
thenogenesis in Artemia often occurs. 
The examination of the ovaries and the occurrence of viviparous and 
oviparous individuals led me to the conclusion that oviposition appears 
in Artemia only when the egg-shell glands have so fully developed that 
the necessary quantity of congealing matter can be recreated, as only 
by this can the eggs obtain a solid, durable shell. Surrounded with 
such a shell the eggs obtain the power, hidden away in mud or even 
pertectly dried up, to endure the most unfavorable external condi- 
tions and preserve the faculty of development after long periods of 
time. But if the development of the egg-shell glands has not been fully 
attained the conditions for the formation of a solid and durable shel! 
are wanting. The eggs ef such Artemiz then only receive a very thin 
ecg skin, in consequence of which the favorable influences for the de- 
velopment of the embryo will act upon the egg contents from outside, 
thus accelerating the embryo formation. 
C.—ON THE RELATION OF ARTEMIA SALINA MILNE-ED- 
WARDS TO ARTEMIA MULELHLHAUSENIL MILNE-ED- 
WARDS AND TO THE GENUS BRANCHIPUS SCH AIF- 
FRR. 
By W. J. SCHMANKEWITSCH.! 
{Translated by Dr. C. F. Gissler. With Plate XXXIX.] 
In the session of the Neorussian Society of Naturalists at Odessa, 
held September 20, 1874, I made an addition concerning this matter to 
the observations made in former years, and now I have again to com- 
municate the following later results. I shall here briefly state that 
Artemia salina M. Kdw., Joly (Branchipus arietinus Grube var. Schman- 
kewitsch. Artemia arietina Fischer var. Schm.), a very variable form, 
yields not only by domestication but also in a state of nature even at a 
gradually increased concentration of the water, a form similar to Arée- 
mia muehlhausenit Milne-Edw., Fischer, which I had occasion to observe 
in the closed Kajalniker Salt Lake (Andreewsky-Liman) near Odessa 
during the years 1871 to 1874, inclusive. 
in 1871, on the oceasion of a great spring flood, the embankment 
which separated the lesser saline water of the upper portion of the Ku- 
jaluiker Lake from the more saline portion of the lower part of the same 
lake broke, whereby the water of the latter became diluted to 8° Beaumé. 
At the same time Artemia salina appeared in great numbers, probably 
! Zeitschrift fiir wissensch. Zoologie, xxv, ltes Supplementheft, 1875. 
