SHUFELDT.] OSTEOLOGY OF LANIUS. 723 
bone. The post-acetabular regions are of about one-third the extent of 
the surfaces anterior to the cotyloid rings; they are produced behind in 
strong and clubbed processes, the outer margins of which are the termi- 
nations of the gluteal ridges or lines continuous with these ridges; these 
surfaces are convex and narrowed by the encroachment of the broad. 
sacrum (Fig. 103). 
Laterally the ilium overhangs the extensive and elliptical ischiatic 
foramen, which is bounded in front by the anti-trochanter, directed back- 
wards and slightly outwards; the cotyloid ring is circular and but little 
difference exists between the diameters ofits inner and outer peripheries. 
The obdurator foramen is very small and varies in the figure of its out- 
line, though generally assuming more or less the form of the ellipse ; 
the broad and thin hinder blade of the ischium again dips down to meet 
the slender pubic shaft, just before its termination, to shut in an elon- 
gated spindle-shaped tendinal vacuity. (Fig. 100. i 
Upon the ventral aspect of the pelvis, we note that the bone affords 
no shelter whatever for the important organs it incloses until we pass 
the fourth sacral segment and the very decided vertebral swelling to 
form the sinus rhomboidalis; it then drops into a deep depression on 
either side, whose concavities and convexities correspond with those de- 
seribed and attributed to the dorsal surface. The apophysial braces 
thrown out by the vertebre are extremely slender, except in the cases 
of the first and fourth: the former segment bears a free pair of slender 
pleurapophyses, whose hemapophyses articulate along the posterior . 
border of the ultimate sternal ribs, as do some of the inferior so-called 
‘‘costal cartilages” in anthropotomy, lacking the necessary length to ar- 
rive at the costal borders of the great ventral hamal spine, constituting 
a common ornithic character. Hea sacral ribs rarely or never support 
uncinate processes. 
Six segments are devoted, in this Shrike, to the coceygeal division of 
the column, exclusive of the pygostyle; they share the same fate, with 
their fellows and representatives in nearly all of the class Aves, in hav- 
ing many of their original vertebral components either rudimentary or 
entirely suppressed ; the neural spines, hooking over each other, ante- 
riorly, become more and more feebly developed as we proceed backwards; 
this order of things is just reversed when we come to examine the hypa- 
pophyses on the nether aspects. The neural canal that passes through 
them dwindles to mere capillary dimensions before reaching the pygo- 
style, into which bone it enters but a very short distance. 
The transverse processes of the caudal vertebre are bent downwards, 
compressed horizontally, broad, and show but slight differences in length, 
before reaching the last one, in which they are shorter. The lamina of 
the pygostyle has the outline of an isosceles triangle, being truneate at 
its apex; the “body” below is of a substantial structure, barely dilated 
behind, ‘and otherwise presenting the usual characteristics as found 
among the oscines. 
The bones of the scapular arch are all free and independent of each 
other, the stability of their relative position depending upon strong lig- 
aments in the living bird. The blade of the scapula is quite narrow, and, 
in the vast majority of cases, extends across the dorsal pleurapophyses, 
or vertebral ribs, its distal end being obliquely truncate, from within, out- 
wards; the blade-like portion is brought up in close juxtaposition with. 
that portion of the bone that affords the scapular moiety of the glenoid 
fossa. Its acromial process is very short, owing to the fact that it has 
to proceed but a short way before it abuts against the much-expanded 
head of clavicle, on either side; it forms with the coracoid the usual ten- 
