from the latter species in wanting tlie black on the base of the chin and fore part of the cheeks. 

 The two birds are no doubt distinct, but at present the paucity of specimens of C. dasypus which 

 we have been able to compare, and the bad preparation of most of the series of C. cashmiriensis in 

 the Britisb Museum, have prevented our making such a thorough comparison of the two species 

 as we should have liked to have done. 



Compared with C. urbica, the Cashmere Martin is distinguished by its smaller size and less 

 strongly forked tail. It is also much browner below, and it is especially recognizable by its 

 dark brown under wing-coverts and quill-lining. Young birds of C. urbica are also sometimes 

 smokv brown below, but this colour is always confined to the throat and chest, leaving the breast 

 and abdomen white. Nearly the whole of the underparts of C. cashmiriensis are smoky brown, a 

 little lighter on the throat, while the centre of the lower breast and abdomen are white. 



Hab. Himalaya mountains from Cashmere eastwards as far as the mountains of Kansu. Wintering in 

 the plains of India. 



The Caslimei-e Martin is a small dusky representative of tlie Common Martin of Europe. 

 It was first discovered by the late Dr. Leitli Adams in Kashmir. He found it " common 

 on the rocky banks of the rivers in Ladakh and Kasbinir during the summer," and he 

 supposed that it occurred on migration during the winter in the Punjab and the plains 

 of India. Mr. Brooks procured it near Dhurmsala in June. 



Dr. Jerdon, in his ' Supplementary Notes ' to his ' Birds of India,' writes : — " I 

 found this Martin breeding on a rock near Mattiana and Nagkandah in the Sutlej 

 Valley in June, and Stoliczka found it breeding near the same locality, perhaps at the 

 very same spot. I also found it in tlie Sind valley in Kashmir, in small parties ; but, as 

 a rule, I found it rare in Kashmir, uotwithstanding its name." Mr. Brooks met with it 

 breeding in Kashmir, a little to this side of Ahabad Serai, and also a few miles below 

 Posiana, in the cliffs of the " Chitterpanee " river. He also found it on the Sutlej, in 

 the interior below Simla. At Gilgit, Colonel Biddulph states that it appears about the 

 middle of April, and becomes very common in May. 



Mr. Hume gives the following note in his work on the nests and eggs of Indian 

 birds : — 



" The Cashmere Martin breeds only in the interior of the Himalayas. It lays, as 

 far as I Jawio, only in April and May, but is said to have a second brood during the 

 rains. Sir E. C. Buck wrote to me that ' there is a large colony of these birds, about 1^ 

 to 2 miles from Muttiana Dak Bungalow, on the old road to Narkunda ; their nests 

 cover the roofs of hollows in the rock about 15 to 20 feet from the ground. Nest of mud, 

 shallow, cup-shaped, with largish aperture, very close, one above the other in many 

 instances. Young birds appeared fledged in June when I passed. Birds frequented 

 breeding-places at dusk in great numbers. The hollows are almost overhanging the 

 old road.' " 



In the Hume collection is a specimen obtained by Colonel Delme Badcliffe at 

 Thundiana in Hazara, in April. Mr. Brooks found the species in Kumaon, and on his 

 journey from Masuri to Gangaotri he obtained a specimen between Suki and Derail, 



