6 



than the Common Shallow, about the end of April, and leaving in August or early in 

 September. In Finland it occurs in most parts of the country, being met with most 

 frequently on the banks of the larger rivers ; but I seldom observed it in the southern 

 portions of the country." 



Dr. Pleske, in his work on the Kola Peninsula, says that in Russian Lapland the 

 Sand-Martin has been found by Bothlink and Yon Middendorff near Kola, and Mela 

 noticed it near Ponoj. Dr. Pleske himself saw a breeding-colony at one place on the 

 Kola river, and he gives a long list of places where the bird has been observed in 

 Finnish and Swedish Lapland. 



The Sand-Martin appears to be found throughout Russia, and is a very common 

 summer visitor to Ai'changel ; and Messrs. Seebohm and Harvie-Brown, in their account 

 of the birds of the Lower Petchora, write: — ""We first saw the Sand-Martin on the day 

 we left TJst Zylma (10th June) between that place and Habariki. Afterwards we met 

 with the species in small numbers at Gorodok and at Kuya, and obtained specimens. 

 Nowhere on the Petchora did we find the Sand-Martins so abundant as they are 

 in summer on the islands of the Dvina at Archangel, where nearly every suitable bank 

 holds a large colony." 



Mr. Dresser adds a note : — " Meves met with it at Schliisselburg, Novaja Ladoga, 

 Onega, Archangel, &c., everywhere common ; and Sabanaefl' informs me that it is 

 generally distributed throughout Central Russia in suitable localities, and, along the 

 Ural range, it is foimd at least up to 58° N. lat., and even higher on the Kama ; but on 

 the south-eastern slopes it is rarer. In Poland, the Baltic Provinces, and Germany 

 it is common, but, according to Borggreve, it is not found high up in the 

 mountains." 



Throughout Central Europe and France the Sand-Martin is found in its own 

 peculiar habitats. MM. Jaubert and Barthelemy-Lapommeraye record it as a spring 

 and autumn migrant in France, a small number breeding every year in the banks of 

 the Rhone and Durance. It is common at Santander, as noticed by Colonel 

 Irby, and breeds there, and it was observed on the Upper Ariege by Mr. Eagle 

 Clarke at the end of May. Mr. Howard Saunders found the species nesting on 

 the banks of the Guadalquivir at the end of May, and Colonel Irby gives the 

 following account of the Sand-Martin at Gibraltar : — " I have found them at Ras 

 Doura in small numbers, and have no doubt they were nesting in the vicinity • 

 they nest in the neighbourhood of Seville, but near Gibraltar are only met with 

 on passage. The first seen by me was on the 24th March, 1870, 22nd March, 1871, 

 24th Feb., 1872, 28th Feb., 1874 ; they were seen passing as late as the 24th of April. 

 On the 13th May I saw, in tlie evening, over some marshes near Vejer, a flight of Sand- 

 Martins numbering many hundreds, I might say thousands. I noticed them on the 

 14th of October on their southward journey." 



The species would also appear to winter in Spain to a certain extent, as Mr. Chapman 

 mentions in his paper called " Winter " notes : — " On December 28th I observed a few 

 Sand-Martins hawking in the sun at Vejer-de-la-Frontera." Mr. Tait observes : — " Is not 



