8 



also in Sardinia. On account of its special mode of nesting, the Sand-Martin is always 

 very localized." 



In Italy it is a summer visitor, as also in Sardinia, Corsica, and Sicily. In 



Sicily it has been said by Benoit to winter near Catania, but neither Count Salvadori 



nor Dr. Giglioli credit this statement, and Prof. Doderlein denies it altogether ; though 



the latter believes that some individuals winter in the island of Pantellaria, which 



statement Dr. Giglioli considers to require coniirmation. In Italy it breeds twice a year. 



In Corsica Mr. C. Bygrave Wharton found the species fairly numerous after the end of 



March ; and Mr. John Whitehead writes as follows : — " In 1883 first seen on the 11th 



of April, in 188-1 on the 8th of April. Never seen in numbers. Though the river-banks, 



in places, were suitable, I never saw any sign of a nest, or of a bird after the passage 



was over." Mr. Basil Brooke says that in Sardinia it arrives early in March and is 



common. Mr. C. Wright states that in Malta it is common in spring and autumn. 



In Grreece, according to Mllhle and Lindermayer, it is a summer resident, and the latter 



says that colonies of the Sand-Martin breed in the banks of the Alpheus and Eurotas, 



migrating south very early in the autumn, before ClieUclon urhica. Lord Lilford says 



that it was nncommon in Epirus. Dr. Kriiper informed Mr. Dresser that he had found 



the Sand-Martin breediug in Macedonia in the banks of a brook below Mount Olympus. 



Professor Brusina states that he has not yet found the Sand-Martin in the interior of 



Croatia, but he has received a specimen from Port Mamula in the Bay of Cattaro, shot on 



the 28tli of June. He has examples also from Montenegro. Mr. Otto Beiser has met 



with the species near Sarajevo. 



In Asia Minor, Mr. Danford observes, it was not seen in the mountains, but was 

 found by him abundantly near Kaisariyeh. Lord Lilford writes : — " I do not find a 

 specimen of this bird from Cyprus in my collections, but have a note of it as observed 

 both by Guillemard and myself, and it is included in linger and Kotschy's list. It 

 was certainly not common in any part of Cyprus visited by me in April and May." 



Canon Tristram, in his ' Pauna and Plora of Palestine,' writes as follows : — " Does 

 not return to the Holy Land till the end of March, and then in small colonies, there 

 being very few localities suited to its habits." Von Nordmann says that in Southern 

 Russia the Sand-Martin is widely distributed and breeds in vast numbers in the 

 Steppes of Bessarabia. According to Mr. Henke, it is a very common summer visitor 

 to Astrakan; and in the Caucasus, Dr. Badde informs us, it inhabits the lowlands, 

 breeding up to 6300 feet, and arriving aljout the 6th of March. Dr. Pinsch states that 

 it was the most common bird at Samarova on the Irtish river ; and Mr. Seebohm, in his 

 paper on the Birds of Siberia, writes as follows : — " Arrived on the Arctic Circle on the 

 9th June. Both on the Ob and the Yen-e-say, large colonies of these birds were 

 frequent. I did not see any further north than lat. 67°." 



According to Dr. Severtzoff, the Sand-Martin seldom visits the north-eastern portions 

 of Turkestan, and was not often seen by him in the south-eastern districts, but elsewhere it 

 Avas common and bred. The late Mr. Ilussow found it breeding at Tschinas. Dr. Sto- 

 iiczka obtained a specimen at Panja, in Eastern Turkestan, on the I7th of April, 1874. 



