222 Coal in Canada. 



in its ordinary relations, or in some other of the more rare circum- 

 stances above stated.* 



Fifthly. Boring operations are so very liable to fraud error, or 

 that they cannot be considered as establishing any fact otherwise 

 improbable, without the further evidence of such inspection as 

 can be made by actually opening up the deposit, or of corrobora- 

 tive facts obtained from surface indications. It is principally the 

 entire want of such facts, and the substitution of irrelevent state- 

 ments, in the reports now before the public, that causes us at pre- 

 sent to doubt, what otherwise -would be a most welcome discovery 

 whether in a scientific or practical point of view. 



J. W. D. 



* As the ordinary accompaniments of coal have been several times 

 referred to in this article, we give below a characteristic example, being 

 the beds accompanying the main coal of the S. Joggins in Nova Scotia. 



ft. in. 



Shale, gray, passing into blaek. Modiola in lower part, 6 



Shale, calcareo-bituminous. Modiola, Cypris, Fish-scales, ... . 10 

 Coal and bituminous shale. Poacites, Sigillaria, Spirorbis, 



Fish-scales, Cypris, 8 



Underclay. Rootlets of Stigmaria, 3 9 



Sandstone, gray. Rootlets, 4 6 



Shale and sandstone, 8 



*Underclay, hard and sandy below. Roots and rootlets of Stig- 

 maria, 1 6 



Coal impure. Full of Poacites r . 1 



Shale and argillaceous sandstone. Plants with Spirorbis r rain- 

 marks ? 1 o 



Sandstone and arenaceous shale. Erect Calemites in five feet 

 of upper part ; an erect coaly tree passes through these beds 



and the sandstone below, 8 



Sandstone, gray. Erect coaly tree as above, 7 



*Shale, gray. Roots of coaly tree spread in this bed, 4 



Sandstone, gray, 4 



Shale, gray. Prostrate and erect Sigillaria and Lepidodendron, 

 Poaeites, Asterophyllites, Ferns, Modiola, Spirorbis on surface 



of fossil plants, Stigmaria and rootlets, 6 



Coal, main seam, worked by the General Mining Association,. . 3 6 



Shale or underclay. Thins out in working to N.E., 1 6 



Coal, worked with main seam, I 6 



•Underclay and shale with bands of sandstone, 20 



•Sandstone and clay. Stigmaria stools ; on the surface of this 



bed a thin film of coaly matter [Coal Mine Pier here.'] 2 6 



Sendstone and shale. Irregular beds, 5 



Shale, gray, with bands of sandstone and ironstone,. 4 



