23S CASSELL S BOOK OF BIRDS. 



is yellow, upon the top of the head the leathers are much elongated, so as to form a long streaming 

 crest. In young birds the mantle is brown mingled with grey, the under side dark grey. The eye is 

 bright red, and the bare space around it yellow ; the beak is grey speckled with red and yellow ; the 

 bag beneath the bill veined with yellowish blue ; the feet are bright flesh-red. This species is from 

 fifty-five to sixty-two inches long, and ninety to one hundred broad ; the wing measures about twenty 

 inches ; and the tail about six inches and a half. The White Pelican principally inhabits the tropical 

 climates of Africa and India, but is also found in the Mediterranean, on the extensive lakes of 

 Hungary and Russia, and on the eastern rivers of Europe. In Southern Europe it appears about the 

 end of April or beginning of Ma) 7 , returning to its winter quarters after the breeding season. 

 Occasionally these birds miss their way and make their appearance in Germany, greatly to the 

 astonishment of the inhabitants of the districts so visited. In Hungary they usually arrive in flocks 

 of some four or six hundred individuals ; these immediately disperse throughout the country for the 

 purpose of breeding ; after the period of incubation they again assemble in flocks previous to taking 

 their departure. This species subsists on all kinds of fish, which it catches with facility, and with 

 such sharp-eyed vigilance, that not even the smallest escapes its observation. It is unable to dive, and 

 therefore only searches for food in small and shallow inlets of rivers. It occasionally ascends to some 

 height in the air, and descrying a fish from on high, darts upon it with unerring aim. 



The nest is placed on the ground, and is composed of coarse grass, lined with a softer kind. 

 The two eggs are white. It carefully tends its young, conveying food to them in the singular pouch 

 which, says Shaw, is one of the most remarkable appendages that is found in the structure of any 

 animal. Though it contracts nearly into the hollow of the jaws, and the sides are not (in a quiescent 

 state) above an inch asunder, it may be extended to an amazing capacity, and when the bird has 

 fished with success, its size is almost incredible ; it will contain a man's head with the greatest ease. 

 In fishing, the Pelican fills this bag, and does not immediately swallow his prey, but when this is full) 

 he returns to the shore to devour at leisure the fruits, of his industry. Audubon gives the following 

 graphic account of the movements of an American species, P. Americanus, which is not only very 

 similar in appearance, but until recently bore the same specific name as the bird above described, 

 thereby creating considerable confusion between it and the White Pelican of the eastern hemisphere. 

 " Ranged along the margins of the sand bar in broken array, stand a hundred heavy-bodied Pelicans, 

 pluming themselves, and awaiting the return of hunger. Should one chance to gape, all open their 

 large and broad mandibles, yawning lazily and luxuriously. But when the red beams of the setting 

 sun tinge the tall tops of the forest trees, the birds rise clumsily on their short legs, and hastily 

 waddle to the water and plunge into the stream. Lightly they float as they marshal themselves and 

 extend their lines ; and now their broad, paddle-like feet propel them onwards. In yonder nook the 

 small fry are dancing on the quiet water. Thousands are there, and the very manner of their mirth 

 making the water to sparkle, invites their foes to advance. And now the Pelicans at once spread 

 out their broad wings, press closely forward with powerful strokes of their feet, drive the little fishes 

 towards the shallow shore, and then, with their enormous pouches spread like so many bag-nets, 

 scoop them out and devour them." These birds are altogether diurnal ; when gorged, they retire 

 to the shores of small islands in bays and rivers, or sit on logs floating in shallow water at a good 

 distance from the beach, in all which situations they lie or stand close together. The White Pelicans 

 appear to be almost inactive during the greater part of the day, fishing only after sunrise, and again 

 an hour before sunset, though at times the whole flock will mount high in the air, and perform 

 extended gyrations. In the south of Europe the chase after Pelicans is a favourite sport, and by 

 the Arabs their flesh is considered not unpalatable. 



