THE SINGING BIRDS. 297 



straight, and short, with sharp margins, compressed at its sides and pointed at its tip ; the feet are 

 sturdy, the toes powerful and of moderate size, and the claws comparatively large and very much 

 hooked. The wings, in which the fourth or fifth quill is the longest, are short and rounded ; the tail 

 short, and either straight or very slightly incised at its extremity ; occasionally it is very long, and 

 graduated at its sides. The plumage, which is thick, and composed of long and lax feathers, is bright 

 and elegant in its coloration. 



Most members of this family inhabit the northern parts of the Eastern Hemisphere, some few 

 belong to North America, and others are natives of Asia and Africa. Opinions differ as to whether 

 they migrate at the approach of winter, but our own observations have convinced us that even those 

 frequenting northern countries never wander to any great -distance from their native haunts. All are 

 social in their habits, and consort not only with their own kind, but also seek the company of other 

 species, often remaining in their society for weeks at a time. They seldom visit seed-growing 

 districts, but frequent woods and forests, living almost exclusively upon trees or large shrubs, climbing 

 and flying about the branches in what may literally be termed an incessant search for food. On the 

 ground their movements are clumsy, and they seldom undertake long excursions, but generally only 

 flit from one tree to another, feeding principally upon insects and seeds ; of the former they devour 

 enormous quantities, as their life of restless activity renders an unusually large supply of nourishment 

 indispensable. The Tits may, therefore, be regarded as valuable assistants to the gardener and 

 farmer, richly meriting their favour and protection. Most species breed twice in the year, laying 

 each time from seven to twelve eggs. 



The CRESTED WRENS or KINGLETS {Hegulus) are recognisable by their straight, thin, 

 finely-pointed beak, which is broad at the base, raised at the culmen, and slightly notched at the 

 curved tip of the upper mandible. The feet are slender, the tarsi high, and the claws very decidedly 

 hooked ; the wings, in which the fourth and fifth quills are the longest, are short, broad, and much 

 rounded ; the tail is of medium size, and incised at its extremity ; the plumage is thick, and composed 

 of large, loose feathers ; the nostrils are covered with small feathers, and the corners of the mouth 

 with a few bristle-like hairs ; the feathers on the crown of the head are generally prolonged into a 

 crest, and are of brilliant hue. These birds are met with throughout Europe, Asia, and North 

 America, 'and from time to time make their appearance in North-western Africa. 



Their journeys are extraordinary when compared with their strength, size, and powers of flight, 

 but they are often exhausted before arriving at their destination. Mr. Selby has related the following 

 account of a large migration on the coast of Northumberland in 1822 : — 



"On the 24th and 25th of October, 1822, after a very severe gale, with thick fog from the 

 north-east (but veering, towards its conclusion, to the east and south-east), thousands of these birds 

 were seen to arrive upon the sea-shore and sand-banks of the Northumbrian coast, many of them so 

 fatigued by the length of their journey, or perhaps by the unfavourable shift of wind, as to be unable to 

 rise again from the ground, and great numbers were in consequence caught or destroyed. This flight 

 must have been immensely numerous, as its extent was traced through the whole length of the coasts of 

 Northumberland and Durham. There appears little doubt of this having been a migration from the 

 more northern provinces of Europe (probably furnished by the pine forests of Norway, Sweden, &c), 

 from the circumstance of its arrival being simultaneous with that of large flights of the Woodcock, 

 Fieldfare, and Redwing. Although I had never before witnessed the actual arrival of the Golden- 

 crested Regulus, I had long felt convinced, from the great and sudden increase of the species during 

 the autumnal and hvemal months, that our indigenous birds must be augmented by a body of 

 strangers, who make these shores their winter resort." 

 VOT.. n.— 77 



