234 Canadian Record of Science. 
Hitchcock took part. The author’s conclusions were upon 
observed facts in the field, some of which ran against some 
extreme forms of the glacial theory. 
DIscOVERY OF THE OUTLET OF THE Hturon—MIcHIGAN— 
SuPERIOR LAKE AND LAKE ONTARIO BY THE TRENT 
VALLEY. 
With the continental rise described in the last paper— 
owing to the land rising more rapidly to the northeast—Lake 
Warren became dismembered, and Huron, Michigan and 
Superior formed one lake; the Hrie basin really was lifted 
out of the bed of Lake Warren and became drained, and 
Ontario remained at a low level. The outlet of this lake 
was southeast of Georgian Bay, by way of the Trent valley, 
into Lake Ontario (at about sixty miles west of the present 
outlet of this lake). The waters of this upper lake were 
twenty-six feet deep over this outlet into the Trent valley, 
and long continued to flow through a channel from one to 
two miles wide. It has cut across a drift ridge to a depth 
of 500 feet, as the whole area has been rising. With the 
continued continental uplift to the northeast (which has 
raised the old beach at the outlet about 300 feet above the 
present surface of Lake Huron) the waters were backed 
southward and overflowed into the Michigan basin and into 
the Hrie, thus making the Erie outlet of the upper lakes to 
be of recent date. This is proven by the fact that the 
Georgian beach which marked the old surface of the 
upper great lake descends to the present water level at the 
southern end of Lake Huron, and is beneath the surface of 
the water upon its southwestern side, as the uplift, which 
has been measured, was to the northeast. 
The two questions involved are “ origin of the valleys” 
and ‘“‘cause of their being closed into water basins.” The 
basins of Lakes Ontario and Huron are taken for consider- 
ation. The previous paper upon the course of the ancient 
St. Lawrence shows that the Huron and Ontario basins are 
sections of the former great St. Lawrence valley, which was 
