472 Canadian Record of Science. 
been a fruitful field of investigation for chemists for many 
years, and all efforts have been made to combine the sugar 
with some substance and so separate from its impurities. 
This can be done by forming what are called saccharates 
of lime, or barium, or strontium,which are decomposed after- 
wards by means of carbonic acid or of heat. 
The factories erected for the strontium process are much 
larger and more complicated than the original sugar fac- 
tories and would entail too long a description. The lime 
processes are simple ones, but scarcely of general interest, 
so I will dismiss them at once. 
There is another and peculiar process which is older than 
the others, and still a good deal used, depending on the 
principle of osmosis which I mentioned before in connection 
with the diffusion. It is cheap but slow. Any one ofthese 
processes may be used to get at the last of the sugar in the 
molasses, but also the molasses may be distilled and the 
sugar turned into alcohol. This.used to be the universal 
custom, but now it is found to pay better to extract the 
sugar. 
This ends the manufacture of the raw beet sugar. It is 
put into bags and sold to refiners. Very few factories turn 
out refined sugar, that is, combine the two processes, for, as 
arule, it does not pay. 
I will now briefly point out the differences between a 
cane and a beet sugar factory. The processes are either 
very similar or identical. The liquor is, however, extracted 
almost universally by crushing under immense rollers in- 
stead of diffusing, which latter process is but of doubtful 
value where cane is concerned. The clarification is made 
by means of lime alone without carbonic acid, and in a 
crude way enough asarule. The evaporation and concen- 
tration in the multiple effect and vacuum pan are thesame, 
but these are only to be seen in the more advanced districts. 
Centrifugals are also used now in many places and, in fact, 
the cane sugar men are copying Closely beet sugar methods. 
The products of a cane sugar factory are divided into several 
classes like that from a beet sugar one, the chief difference 
