VARIATION OF LEPIDOPTERA AT RINGWOODi 29 



feet. " These, if they had been Australian, would have been 

 undoubtedly deemed to be Pyrameis kershaioii, the blue pupils to 

 the three inner ocelli of the upper side of the lower wings being 

 even more strongly marked than in that subspecies. A pair of 

 the true P. kershaioii were shown for comparison, and also 

 because one of them showed the small white spot between the 

 1st and 2ad nervule of the upper wings, which was sometimes 

 found also in P. atalanta, and was normal in P. huntera. Thus 

 these three species were linked together by a very insignificant 

 dot, always present in one species, and occasionally appearing in 

 the other three." 



In the above remarks, colour aberrations have not been specially 

 referred to, because, in the majority of cases, these can only be 

 regarded as abnormalities. 



VAEIATION OF LEPIDOPTERA AT EINGWOOD. 

 1891-92. 



By J. Henby Fowler. 



Probably it may be interesting to note the variation observed 

 in some species of Lepidoptera taken in this district during the 

 past two seasons. 



I will refer to the Rhopalocera only at present, having plenty 

 of material to work upon in this division. 



Gonepteryx rhamni. This species has a form of the female 

 quite intermediate in colour between its typical form and that of 

 the male : it is very much yellower than the t^'pe, occurs 

 annually, so I think may be considered more than an aberration ; 

 one specimen is the largest of any in my series. Some males 

 have a whitish bloom over all the wings. 



Colias edusa. The males vary much in the borders and 

 ground colour of the fore wings. Borders (1) black, nervules 

 yellow from the costa to anal angle ; (2) quite black ; (3) faded, 

 satiny-brown, not irrorated with yellow scales, but from the costa 

 — along the border internally, for some distance — capped with 

 deep black ; (4) very dark, with three or four yellow nervules 

 towards the tip, slightly irrorated ; some have the border con- 

 tinued quite half-way along the inner margin of fore wings. 

 Ground colour : in some examples this is deep orange ; a few 

 very pale, almost yellow. I have arranged a series of each, and 

 the difference is striking ; many have the upper surface of the 

 hind wings beautifully shot with purple ; a few have the spots on 

 under surface of the hind wings enlarged, and with the brown 

 circles elongated and pointing towards the anal angle. I took a 

 male which is as large as any of the females — a perfect giant. 



The females vary in colour, similar to the males : this sex 

 differs mostly in the width of borders, and area of the yellow 



