AprUlS, 1865.] 



JOURNAL OF HOETICULTUEE AND COTTAGE aAKDENEE. 



307 



sucli a wanton waste of my employer's property, I adopted 

 the following; plan : — Each workman was provided with a 

 set of tools. They were all had new at once, so that it might 

 be seen which took most care of his tools. Some men will 

 work for months with a tool, doing it but little harm, whilst 

 others will destroy it, or nearly so, in that time. Those 

 who use their tools in such a way should have the difference 

 pointed out to them, by referring to those men whose tools 

 ai'e used properly. This ought to cure them of their 

 carelessness. 



After the tool-shed had been properly cleaned, a fi-esh 

 window, (to., put in, one side was formed into compartments 

 or stalls to keep each man's tools separate. This was done 

 by dividing the space into 2 feet 6 inches stalls, by strips of 

 board 10 inches wide. Holdfasts were driven into the wall to 

 nail the boards to, the strip of boards reaching from the floor 

 above the shed to the bottom ; another piece was placed 

 along over the stalls on which the names of the men were 

 written, beginning with the foreman, and ending with the 

 vegetable boy. 



A. 



B. 



c. 



D. 



E. 



F. 



G. 



H. 



I. 



J. 



K. 



2 

 1 1 

 



2 

 1 1 

 



2 

 1 1 

 



2 

 1 1 

 



3 

 1 1 

 



2 

 I 1 

 



2 

 1 1 

 



2 

 1 1 







2 

 1 1 

 



2 

 1 1 

 



2 

 1 1 







The spade and fork were hung up against the boards at 

 0, and lai-ge nails were driven into the wall at 2, for 

 hanging the rake on, other nails were driven in at 1 1, for 

 the hoes. Other stalls were provided for miscellaneous imple- 

 ments, to which aU the men have access. When the 

 arrangements were all completed, and the tools all put in 

 their proper places, a notice board was put up, on which 

 were ^vritten in large letters the rules I intended should 

 be observed. The notice was to the following effect : — ■ 



NOTICE. 



AU persons not bringing back tools and putting them in 

 their place after using them, will be fined for every such 

 offence one penny. They will also be subject to a further 

 fine of one penny if the tools are brought back dirty. 



By Order. 



A slate was then hung up in the shed, and the foreman 

 was requested to look over the tools every night after the 

 workmen had gone home, and if any man's tools were 

 missing or dirty, his name was to be put on the slate, which 

 was hung in a conspicuous part of the shed, there to re- 

 main till the fine or fines were paid. Sometimes one man 

 would be fined several times in a week, but it soon made 

 them more careful. The fines were all entered in a book 

 kept by the foreman for that purpose, and at the end of the 

 year the money equally divided amongst the men, so that 

 those who have paid but few fines receive the same share 

 as those who have been fined a great number of times. This 

 plan I have found to work well, there is a great saving 

 in tools, and the consolation of having " a place for every- 

 thing, and having everything in its place." — J. Wills. 



ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S MEETING. 



The March meeting of the Entomological Society was 

 held on the 6thult.,the President, F. P. Pascoe, Esq., P.L.S., 

 being in the chair. Amongst the donations received since the 

 last meeting was a new volume of the " Linncea Entomolo- 

 gica," vol. XV., the publication of which has been resumed. 



The President announced that, as an inducement to the 

 study of economic entomology, the Council had decided to 

 offer two prizes of the value of five guineas each, to be 

 awai'ded to the authors of memoirs of sufficient merit, and 

 drawn up from personal observation on the anatomy, eco- 

 nomy, or habits of any insect or group of insects especially 

 serviceable or obnoxious to mankind. The memoirs should 

 be illustrated by figures of the insects in their different 

 states, and, if the species be noxious, must detail the results 

 of actual experiment made for the prevention of their attacks, 

 or the destruction of the insects themselves. The memoirs 

 must be sent to the Secretary at BTo. 12, Bedford Eow, 

 London, with fictitious signatures or mottoes, on or before 

 the 31st December, 1S65, when they will be referred to a 

 committee to decide upon their merits. Each must be 



accompanied by a sealed letter endorsed with the ficfeitioua 

 signature or motto adopted by its author, and enclosing his 

 real name and address. The prize memoirs shall be the 

 property of and will be published by the Society. 



Mr. P. Bond exhibited some remarkable Galls found in a 

 large Willow tree near Cambridge, in which the puncture 

 of the insect in the terminal buds of the twigs had resulted 

 in a premature development of the leaves in close whorls, 

 which had remained persistent after the fall of the other 

 leaves, and which had assumed all the appearance and even 

 the colours of a full-blown Eose — a peculiarity which, as it 

 seems most probable, had been the real cause of the sup- 

 posed mediaeval mu'acle of the leafless Willow trees bloom- 

 ing at Chris'tmas like Eoses. Mr. Bond also exhibited two 

 interesting varieties of the common Tortoiseshell and Clouded 

 Yellow Butterflies (Vanessa Urticffi and Colias Edusa), both 

 having dusky blotches in the middle of the fore and hind 

 wings on the upper surface. They had been taken in Suifolk. 



Mr. T. W. Wood also exhibited a variety of the Purple 

 Emperor Butterfiy, Apatura Iris, wanting the ordinary white 

 band on the upper side of the wings. He also exhibited a 

 very rare and beautiful Moth of the genus Callimorpha from 

 Brazil. 



Professor Westwood called the attention of the meeting 

 to a remarkable memoir just published by Dr. Schiodte, of 

 Copenhagen, in which several new views had been intro- 

 duced with reference to the principles regulating the primary 

 distribution of Coleopterous insects, and in which he drew 

 a parallel between the merits of Pabricius and Latreille, to 

 the detriment of the latter, as Professor Westwood con- 

 sidered without due judgment ; Pabricius having relied in 

 his classification on a single set of characters, whilst Latreille 

 with greater philosophic acumen had seen, that characters 

 which in one group were of primary importance became of 

 secondary value in other groups. 



The President also opposed Schiodte's views, as tending 

 to produce very unnatural results in the classification of the 

 insects on which he had been labouring. The President 

 also read a paper, in which he opposed the practice, now 

 daily gaining ground, of overthrowing generic names where 

 they possessed a similarity of sound with other generic 

 names previously established, although differently spelt ; 

 and Professor Westwood even ventured to propose that 

 where the same name had been used generically in two dis- 

 tinct classes of animals, or in plants and animals, it was 

 unnecessary to alter it in either division. He also made 

 some observations on the development and economy of the 

 Dog Tick. 



Mr. McLachlan read a memoir containing descriptions of 

 all the genera and species of British Caddice Plies. 



ON THE UTILISATION OF NIGHT SOIL 

 APAET FEOM SEWAGE. 



I HAVE been requested to state what Iknowoi tiie subject 

 set forth in the title of this paper. These words are part of 

 the title of a very useful pamphlet written by E. Wilmot, 

 Esq., J.P., and published by J. Masters & Son, London, at 

 Id. each, or 8d. per dozen, for distribution. I have long 

 intended to write about the manure in a dry state, but the 

 fear of that monition, " The Journal of Hokticultuke is 

 accustomed to find a place on my drawing-room table," 

 w'nich smote upon a correspondence of our good bee-keeping 

 friends, caused me to halt in my intention. To be sure I 

 might have explained myself in a pamphlet, but I preferred 

 the publicity afforded by the extensive circulation of this 

 periodical. I trust, however, that my diction will not offend, 

 and that I may be allowed to follow out the subject, for it is 

 necessary that these matters should be discussed. Such 

 being the case, I have too good an opinion of the common 

 sense of my countrywomen to think that they will take 

 offence at what conduces to household purity. 



Mr. Wilmot prefaces his pamphlet with a letter from Mr. 

 George Thompson, in which he states that a dozen in- 

 spectors of nuisances would not overcome the difficulty in 

 Derby. In Woodstock, if I may judge from my oivn organs 

 of smell, our inspector of nuisances must be in the habit of 

 considering unsavoury odours in an inverse ratio to that 

 which his office dictates. It would have made the pamphlet 



