20 GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS 



in the order of size, enclosing in parentheses those of approximately equal 

 size. The use of such formulae greatly facilitates identifications. 



The following formulae show the venation of our common larger butterflies. 



Parnasius clodius 11 2 8* 10 6 3 4 5 9 7* 



Papilio eurymedon 12 2 8* 5 3 4 6 7 10 11 9 



Neophasia menapia 11 2 8* 7* 3 5 4 10 6 9 



Pontia rapae 10 2 7* 3 6 4 9 8 6 



Synchloe ausonides 12 2 (7* 8*) 3 5 9 11 4 6 10 



sara 12 2 (8* 9*) 3 11 5 4 10 6 7 



Callidryas eubule 11 2 10 3 5 8* 4 7* 6 9 



Zerene eurydice 11 2 8* 10 7* 3 5 4 6 9 



Eyrymus eurytheme 11 2 8* 7* 10 5 3 4 6 9 



Eurema nicippe 11 2 8* 10 3 5 7* 4 9 



Agraulis vanillse 12 2 10* 3 8* 9* 5 4 6 7 11* 



Argynnis liliana 12 2 (3 9*) 8* 11 (4 5) 6 10 7 



Brenthis epithore 12 2 10* 3 9* (5 8*) 4 6 11 7 



Lemonias chalcedon 12 2 3 8* 5 9* 11 6 4 10 7 



. Phyciodes pratensis 12 2 8* 9* 10* 3 5 11 6 4 7 



Polygonia faunus 12 2 9* 3 8* 5 4 6 11 10 7 



Eugonia californica 2 12 9* 8* 3 5 11 4 6 10 7 



Euvanessa antiopa 12 2 9* 8* 5 3 11 4 6 10 7 



Vanessa atlanta 12 2 9* (3 5) 8* 4 11 6 10 7 



carye 12 2 9* (3 5) 8* 4 6 11 10 7 



Junonia ccsnia 11 2 9* 8* 10 7 ,; 



Basilarchia lorquini 12 8* 2 9* 5 3 11 6 10 4 7 



Limitis bredowii 12 2 10* 8* 5 9* 6 10 4 7 



Coenonympha California 12 2 9* 8* 5 3 4 6 11 10 7 



Anosia plexippus 12 2 8* 9* 3 4 5 11 6 7 10 



Chrysobia virgulti 11 2 8* 3 5 6 9 10 6 4 7 



Uranotes melinus 10 238 9 5647 



Callophrys dumetorum 10 23985647 



Gaeides xanthoides 2 10 9356487 



Epedemia helloides 11 2 8* 10 3 5 9 4 6 7 



Rusticus acmon 11 2 8* 3 9 10 4 6 5 7 



Cyaniris ladon 11 2 8* 3 5 9 6 10 7 4 ^ 



Erynnis comma 11 2 3 9 10 4 7 



Brephidium exilis 10 23598764 



Thanaos tristis 12 3 2 11 4 10 6 5 9 7 8 



Hesperia tessellata 12 3 2 11 10 5 6 4 7 9 8 

 Almost the only other characters besides those afforded by the wings 



are those of the mouth. This differs radically from that of other insects. 

 The mandibles are wanting or represented by the merest rudiments in a few 

 moths. The labium is usually represented by a pair of strongly developed pal- 

 pi and the maxillae have combined to form a single tube which at rest lies 



