82 



GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA INSECTS. 



with the tips of the cubital and anal veins. 



The second solution explains the peculiar crookedness of the median cross- 

 veins and the spurs projecting from it into the second and third discoidal cells 

 and from the first cross-vein into the first basal cell, as vestiges of sup- 

 pressed veins which, if added, would at once make this wing conform in 

 every essential feature with the wing of the Trichoptera. 



There are two fold lines in the front wing in Hymenoptera, best developed 

 in the paper wasps and their allies where the wings at rest are completely 

 folded flat, making the wing appear to be very narrow. 



Figure 56. showing names of structures in Hymenoptera and Diptera 

 SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES. 



Ichneumonidae: first cubital and first discoidal cells confiuent and both 

 recurrents present. 



Proctotrupidae: ovipositor at tip of abdomen. Pelecinidse; abdomen very 

 long and slender. 



Mutillidae: body densely clothed with hair. 



Anthophoridae: tongue long and a dense brush on hind tibiae. Apidae and 

 Bombidae: hind tibiae concave on outer end, the first being devoid of spurs 

 on hind tibiae. Xylocopidoe: marginal cell long. 



Megachilidae: densely hairy beneath abdomen. 



Cynipidae: veins distant from costa. Ceroptridae: second abdominal seg- 

 ment covering nearly the whole abdomen. 



Formicidae: abdomen constricted at base forming one or two hump-like 

 segments. 



Braconidae: pronotum touching tegulae, and trochanter two-jointed, Ean- 



