Vol. I, No.-1.]. Charters of the Somavamsi Kings. 3 
LW. S.] 
fasrqqcatq would, as they stand, mean ‘from the glorious 
camips of victory pitched at Murasima and Arama, respectively,’ 
or “from the camps of victory of the glorious -king ( 
who was residing at Mirasima and Arama, respectively.” Mr. 
M. M. Chakvavarti, who assigns the charters to the 12th century 
rather than to the 11th as done by Mr. Fleet, objects to Mr. Fleet’s 
interpretation of the term and considers that these kings could 
not rule in Orissa, for at that date kings of the Goi evigs 
dynasty were masters of that province. 
The title. Tri-Kalingadhipati (lord of the three Kaliigas)- need 
by these kings requires a little consideration. The word Tri- 
Kalinga is a vague term to us. But it seems to be sure that it 
included the whole of Kalinga with at least a few districts in the 
neighbourhood. Now Kalinga was a strip of country between the 
sea-coast and the Eastern Ghats. It extended to about Vizaga- 
patam in the south. Its northern limit is said in the Mahabharata 
to be the river Vaitarani (mod. Byterni), which river and the 
Kalinga people the Pandavas are described to have reached at the 
same time on their southward progress from Bengal in the course 
of pilgrimage. - According to this account, Kalitga would include 
a considerable portion of Orissa. But the limits of countries fluetu- 
ated from time to time and there is no certainty that the same’ 
river was the northern boundary of Kalinga also at the time-of 
the inscriptions under notice. Be that as it may, we find in these 
inscriptions some points which would indicate that Kosala was 
included in the countries known as Tri-Kalinga (or the three 
Kalagas). The grantors of these charters have the title Tri- 
Kalingadhipati attached to their names, but not the title Kogalendra, 
(lord of Koégala), although they were undoubtedly the masters of. 
the Kosala country. Indeed, by the latter title Maha-Bhavagupta I 
is referred to in charters B,C and D. But this title is not used’ 
along with their names nor is it joined to the title Tri-Kalinga- 
dhipati, which is almost invariably prefixed to their names. 
This seems to show that the title Tri-Kalingadhipati was thought) 
sufficient by these kings to imply their possession of Kosala also. 
It is therefore probable that Kosala, (¢.e., Southern Kosala) was. 
included in Tri-Kalinga (three Kalingas). Thus we see that they: 
possessed at least a part of Tri-Kalinga and therefore the title) 
Tri-Kalingadhipati was not altogether an honorific one as thought: 
by Mr. M. M. Chakrayarti. I do not mean to say, however, that 
the whole of Tri-Kalinga was under their rule. That these kings) 
held sway over whatis now called the Patna State is certain. Two) 
of the visayas or districts are called Telatatta and Ongatata (see 
Table), These names imply that they were on the banks of the» 
Tela (Mod. Tel) and the Onga (Mod. Ong) river. These rivers 
flow across the Patna State into the Mahanadi and are found on the 
maps. Hence the Patna State or a considerable part of it formed 
part of their kingdom. 
Sf Mr. Fleet’s identification of Vinitapura and Yayatinagara 
with the town of Katak (Cuttuk) be correct, we may notice this; 
fact. The issuing places of Maha-Bhavagupta Ps charters .are, 
