154 Journal of the Astatic Society of Bengal. {| May, 1905, 
the latter. Gushri Khan caused him to be packed in a hide! and 
thenthrew him into the river. He then commenced the pious work of 
establishing a University with thirteen colleges, which were called 
Ling or divisions, at Lhasa, for the education of both the laity and 
the clergy. Of these thirteen Lings only four havesurvived, namely, 
Tan-gyeling, T'she-chog-Ling, Kindti-Ling and Tshemo-Ling. He 
brought all the great Cholka or Provinces of Tibet under his 
ower. Hearing that the Lamas of Kongpo, were greatly 
attached to the Red-cap Karmapa Sect, he sent a division of his 
army there and annexed the eastern provinces to his dominions. 
He now declared himself the supreme ruler of all Tibet and 
Mongolia, and sat on the Lion-throne of Potala at Lhasa. On this 
auspicious occasion he received presents from the border states of 
India, such as—Bushing (probably Bushahir), Yambu (Nepal), 
Neah-ri (Ladak), ete. The Tibetans of the older sects began to 
regard him as an incarnation of their saint Padma Sambhava. 
After making the Yellow-Church dominant all over Tibet and 
Mongolia he shewed tolerance to the followers of the rival sects 
and patronized learning. Thus Mongolia and Tibet being brought 
together under the sovereignity of one Royal Umbrella, the religion 
of Buddha, as reformed by Tsongkhapa, flourished and shone with 
greater lustre than it had done even during the reformer’s time. 
Under the benign rule of this devout king all classes of people 
enjoyed peace and prosperity, as if they were living in the ideal 
age of perfection. 
After Gushri Khan’s death his son Dayan Khan reigned for 
fourteen years over Tibet. On his death his son Talai Khan, also 
called Ratna Gyalpo, succeeded to the throne. Ratna’s eldest son 
named Tanzin Wangyal succeeded him, but he did not reign long, 
being mysteriously poisoned. During the reigns of these kings 
the office of the Desrid was successively filled by Pon Sonam 
Choiphel for seventeen years, from the year Iron-serpent ; by T’hin 
las Gyatsho for ten years; by Lozang thutob for six years; and by 
Lozang Jinpa for three years. Then it passed to the layman 
Sangye Gyatsho who held it for nearly twenty-five years from the 
year Harth-sheep, during which time he completed the building 
of the nine-storeyed palace on Potala called the Phodang Marpo. 
In the year Fire-tiger there was war between the Khalkha and the 
Cileuth Mongols. The hierarch of Gahdan, named T’hi-Lodoi 
Gyatsho, reconciled the belligerents to each otherand induced them 
to make a treaty of peace. On the death of Tanzing Wangyal, 
Lhabzang, the younger son of Ratna who was exiled, succeeded to 
the throne. His first act was to wreak vengeance? on the Desrid, 
Sangye Gyatsho, whohad been instrumental in bringing about his 
1 This punishment is called Ko-thtmgyab-pa, i.e., packing the criminal 
in hide or skin and then throwing him in the deep water of a river. This 
8 the capital pnnishment that is inflicted on the higher class of criminals in 
ibet. 
# At this period it was suspected that the Lama authorities of the Yel- 
low-cap Church were intriguing to kill the king (Lhabzang) by exorcism. 
