Vol. I, No. 6.] Tibet under her Last Kings. 167 
[N. S.] 
encampment of Deba Kyid-Shoi and killed a large number of 
Dingkhors (civil officers) of the Government. On this occasion the 
Karma-pa Lamas became exultant and made a metrical rejoinder to 
the Dalai lama’s reply by placing their letter before the 
image of Buddha in the Cathedral of Lhasa. This step, which was 
meant to be an appeal to show that the Shwa-mar hierarch’s wel- 
come to the Dalai Lama was sincere, produced disastrous effects. 
It induced the Yellow-Cap Lamas to invite the help of the Mong- 
olian hordes. About the time that Sonam Namgyal was Deba 
of Kyi-Shoi, several thousands of Tartar horsemen had already 
come to Tibet and encamped in the neighbourhood of Lhasa. In 
the year Ivon-dragon (1609) the Karma hierarch named Phun- 
tshog Namgyal, with his son Karma Tan Kyong Wang-po, led the 
Tsang army to U, but finding that the Mongol horsemen, that had 
come to protect the Yellow Church, were waiting for an action, 
out of fear they quietly withdrew. Im the year Water-mouse 
(1611) he brought the whole of Tsang including Gyal-Khar-tse 
(modern Gyang-tse) and Byang (northernmost province of Tsang) 
under his power, and became known as Tsang Gyal, 7.e:, King of 
Tsang. This was the first instance in which a Karma hierarch 
had marched at the head of a victorious army, having betaken 
himself to worldly life, and become lord temporal and spiritual. 
e . . A . 
Later on, again invading U with the Tsang army, he took 
possession of Neku Dong and all the lands, and some of the smaller 
monasteries of U. In the seventh month of the year Harth-hare 
(1617), resolving to entirely demolish the Yellow-Cap Church he 
beseiged Sera and Dapting and killed many thousand monks. 
He expelled the Yellow-Cap Lamas from Lhasa. In their dis- 
comfiture the Lamas took shelter at Tag-ling. In the year 1619, 
that is, shortly after the humiliation of the Yellow-Cap Church 
and its patron Miwang Neu Dong-pa, the Mongolian army 
arrived and met the Tsang army first at Kyang-thang-gang near 
Lhasa, and ultimately at Tsang-Gyadthang-gang and completely 
routed them. In the seige of Lhasa, which followed this success of 
the friends of the Yellow-Church, about 100,000 Tsang men were 
captured. They all would have been killed had not the Panchen 
Rinpoche (Tashi Lama of Tsang) timely interceded and procured 
their release. The monasteries of Sang-fag Khar and others, 
besides many Lamas of the Yellow Church that had been taken 
over to the Red-Cap Church, were restored in 1620 to the Yellow- 
Church, which got back its lost territorial endowments as well. The 
king of Tsang and his friend the valiant Karma hierarch failing in 
their military enterprize in Tibet, sought for help from the Mongo- 
lian Chiefs who were devoted to the Red-Cap Church. It took 
them nearly twenty years to consolidate their power in Tibet after 
the retirement of the Mongolian hordes from Tibet. When they 
had again grown powerful they began persecuting the Yellow- 
Church with greater animosity than before. 
