246 Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. [| December, 1905- 
For convenience sake, I took up the Nyayastcinibandha 
dated 898 Saka, z.e., 976 a.p., and that for three reasons, 
—(l) because it counts the number of Sitras, number of 
words, and even the number of letters in the Nyaya Sitras; (2) 
because it divides the Stitras into sections, each dealing with a 
single topic; (3) and because it is dated, and there are internal 
evidences to show that it was written by the great Vacaspati, 
the commentator on the six systems. I have made an English 
translation of the Sitras with as little help from the commentaries 
as possible. 
The study of the Sttras makes it apparent that works of two. 
different sciences have been mixed up. One is a work on 
Logic, or rather the science of Reasoning, or, as Sadajiro 
Sugiura terms it, ‘‘ science of discriminating true knowledge from 
the false” ; and the other is a work on some system of philosophy. 
The work on Logic is confined almost exclusively to the first 
and the fifth chapters. I say almost, because some sections of the 
second chapter also may belong to the Logic part. The rest of 
the work with about eight Sitras in the first chapter belong to: 
the philosophical part. 
Let us analyse the Logic section. This section seems to 
contain three separate treatises. The first chapter, with the 
exception of the Sitras mentioned above, constitutes the first and 
the most important treatise. It is complete in itself. The first 
Sttra enumerates the sixteen topics essential in Debate, and 
all the sixteen topics are fully treated of in the first chapter. It 
is fully self-contained, and nothing farther is needed to complete 
it. The first Stitra gives, so to say, the objects and reasons for 
the science. It says that anyone who has a complete knowledge 
of the sixteeen topics attains the highest proficiency in every 
walk of life, and the first chapter deals with the complete knowl- 
edge of all the sixteen topics. 
I may remark in passing that the science embodied in the 
first chapter of these Stitras is not Logic, in the present signi- 
fication of the term, but Logic in its primitive and rudimentary 
stage. It may better be called the Science of Debate. And all 
the requisites of a well-regulated Debate are included in the: 
sixteen topics. They are not always the requisites of the science of 
Logic, as known at present. The second treatise on Logic, embodied 
in the Sutras, is the first ‘‘ daily lecture” of the fifth chapter. The 
last Sutra of the first chapter simply says that Jatis and Points 
of Defeat are many, thus leaving no room for any elaborate 
subdivision of these two topics. But the first lecture of the fifth 
chapter not only enumerates twenty-four subdivisions of the Jatis, 
but gives careful definitions of every one of them. The author who 
wrote the first chapter is not the author of the first Lecture of 
the fifth chapter. The last section of the first lecture of the 
fifth chapter, which has nothing to do with definitions of the 
subdivisions of Jatis, but which limits the extent of a fruitless 
Debate, is no part of the second treatise, and seems to be an 
addition. The third treatise consists of the second “daily lecture’” 
