ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF CHILDREN. 217 



long. The anterior cerebral lobes in the Arctopithecini compare in mass 

 with those of anthropoids, while the posterior lobes are more developed 

 than in certain races of men. Among the Platyrrhini great cranial va- 

 riations correspond with extreme contrasts in brain structure and mass. 

 The low facial angle, inclined tentorial plane, and perpendicularity of 

 the axis of the occipital foramen to that of the cranial base, belong, as 

 in Mycetes, to a type in which the cerebellum is scarcely covered, while 

 in Chrysothrix the posterior lobes of the cerebrum are of relatively 

 greater proportions than in any of the Mammalia; and, moreover, the 

 vertex is arched, the facial angle large, the basi-cranial axis short, as 

 compared with its cavity, and the planes of the occipital foramen and 

 tentorium are in correspondence. The surface of the brain in Cebus is 

 nearly as much convoluted as that of the catarrhiue apes, but the 

 sulci fade almost to obliteration through Pithecia, Chrysothrix, and 

 Nictipithecus. On the other hand, by the nearly total structural mask- 

 ing of the annectant gyri of the external perpendicular fissure, the brain 

 in Ateles rises above the catarrhine type. 



Diversities such as these, occurring within the limits of a single 

 group, put craniological classification out of the question ; but in Catar- 

 rhines and Anthropidse differences obtain, which, though less extreme, 

 are equally decisive, and without anatomical details, for which there is 

 no space, it maybe said that the heads and brains of Semnopitheci and 

 Colobi vary from those of Macaci and Cynocephali as significantly as 

 the same structures do in the man-like apes. Apparently, then, no typi- 

 cal cranium exists among the simians any more than among men, from 

 whom an artistic preconception has to a great extent concealed its 

 absence. 



With regard to this standard of art, also, it must be remembered that 

 it is primarily one of form, while, physiologically, form has no necessary 

 connection with the constitution of a ganglion. Such expressions as 

 "nervous arc" and " reflex action " emphasize as if essential, that which, 

 except contingently, has nothing to do with either curves or angles. In 

 " the building of a brain " the terminal elements of nervous tracts are 

 cellular, and agglomeration therefore results in the composition of a 

 mass attached to a pedicle. Nothing which is generally more exact than 

 this can be advanced. Components like these make up the parts aud 

 wholes of all nervous systems, and how they have combined in man and 

 his class, and with what degree of uniformity, has already been indicated. 



Of course it is net meant that the human head has not an average 

 shape, or that this or any other part whose conformation is due to ac- 

 tions and reactions between an ancestral group and its entire environ- 

 ment, could alter otherwise than infiuitesimally under the incidence of 

 discontinuous forces. Nor is it intended to say that the harmony which 

 exists in other instances between an organ and its properties is here 

 ignored. No more than in any other machine or structure can the 

 skull be considered as unaffected by the laws which co-ordinate mechan- 



