ARTIFICIAL DEFORMATION OF CHILDREN. 231 



goats, gazelles, sheep, and calves are used, the legs being tied together and strung 

 over the mother's shoulders. The baby is placed in the skin under the woman's arm, 

 with its head behind. Sometimes a gourd is placed over the head to protect it from 

 the sun. When older, the child is carried on the arm. (Proc. Roy. Soc, Edinburgh, 

 1883-'84, p. 325.) 



NOTES ON OCEANICA. 



Forbes, H. O. (A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago. New York 

 1885. 8vo.) In Timor-Laut infants are laid "quite naked * * * on a hard palm 

 spathe," which is spread in a siwela or "rough rattan basket" (pp. 315, 316). Every 

 one sleeps on a banquette covered with bamboo mats, and they "rest their heads on 

 a. piece of squared bamboo with rounded edges" (p. 318). 



Dr. J. G. Carson (Appendix to Part IV, p. 343), describing the Timor-Laut crania 

 procured by Forbes, remarks that "all the brachycephalic skulls * * * exhibit 

 more or less flattening in the occipital and parieto-occipital region, such as would be 

 produced by laying an infant, without any soft material under its head, in a cradle 

 like that described." Owing to race intermixture there are two types of cranial con- 

 tour in Timor-Laut; but it is evident that the same conditions must be operative 

 whether the head is short or long. The difference is one of degree, not of kind. Dr. 

 Garson observes also that "the height of the skulls is in all instances less than the 

 breadth," a fact which (although not mentioned as such) is of the same class as that 

 of occipital flattening, and apparently due to the same cause, viz, the weight of a 

 head incompletely ossified resting on an unyielding surface, and in which restitution 

 during growth is prevented by the subsequent use of a wooden pillow. An isolated 

 fact, and of course having only that value in this connection, is stated by Major 

 Cambell (Geographical Memoir of Melville Island, north coast of Australia, in Jour. 

 Royal Geogr. Soc. London, 1834, Vol. iv). He says that the pillows he saw were 

 made of "pieces of soft silky bark, rolled up in several folds" (p. 157), and also that 

 their cranial characteristic is that " the back of the head projects very much (p. 

 153). * * * The aborigines of Melville and Bathurst Islands are of the same race 

 * * * as those throughout New Holland (p. 158). Hard or wooden pillows are 

 not universal in warm countries. The Ovahs of Madagascar sit on cushions, lie on 

 mats, and have a matted bolster." (Jour. Roy. Geogr. Soc, 1835, Vol. v, p. 332 ; 

 Captain Lewis.) 



Flower, William H. (Fashion in Deformity. Humboldt Library, New York. Vol. 

 II, No. 28.) The author reports a statement made to himself by Mr. H. B. Law, to 

 the effect that the Dyaks of Arawak practiced artificial flattening of the occiput (p. 

 12). 



Featherman, A. (Social History of the Races of Mankind. 2d division. London, 

 1887. 8vo.) Among the Dyaks a mat like the Mexican petate, which serves the same 

 purpose, is used for a bed. "A bag stuffed with grass answers the purpose of a pil- 

 low" (p. 258). 



Reynolds, J. H. (voyage of the U. S. frigate Potomac, New York, 1835, 8vo) states 

 that the heads of the Achenese "are somewhat flat or compressed," but gives no rea- 

 son for this (p. 183). 



Guillemard, Dr. F. H. H. (Cruise of the Marchesa, London. 1886. 8vo.) In the 

 Sulu Archipelago the cradle used is a "little basket- woven cot" hung in the middle 

 of a long bamboo supported at the ends. The vibrations of the bamboo when pulled 

 rock the child. (Vol. II, p. 14.) Among the Hatam Papuans he saw a number of 

 women "with babies strapped upon their backs." (Vol. n, p. 294.) 



Feathermau, A. (Social History of the Races of Mankind. 2d division. London. 

 1887. 8yo.) Among the Sumatras "the nose is flattened and the skull is compressed 

 from early infancy as a mark of beauty " (p. 289). 



Marsdeu (p. 44). "The Sumatrans flatten the noses, and compress the noses of 

 children newly born. They likewise pull out the ears of infants to make them stand 



