THE EXTERMINATION OP THE AMERICAN BISON. 391 



miles covered with buffalo, averaging from fifteen to twenty to the acre.* 

 Taking the lesser number, in order to be below the truth rather than 

 above it, we find that the number actually seen on that day by Colonel 

 Dodge was in the neighborhood of 480,000, not counting the additional 

 number taken in at the view from the top of Pawnee Eock, which, if 

 added, would easily bring the total up to a round half million ! 



If the advancing multitude had been at all points 50 miles in length 

 (as it was known to have been in some places at least) by 25 miles in 

 width, and still averaged fifteen head to the acre of ground, it would 

 have contained the enormous number of 12,000,000 head. But, judging 

 from the general principles governing such migrations, it is almost cer- 

 tain that the moving mass advanced in the shape of a wedge, which 

 would make it necessary to deduct about two-thirds from the grand 

 total, which would leave 4,000,000 as our estimate of the actual number 

 of buffaloes in this great herd, which I believe is more likely to be be- 

 low the truth than above it. 



No wonder that the men of the West of those days, both white and 

 red, thought it would be impossible to exterminate such a mighty mul- 

 titude. The Indians of some tribes believed that the buffaloes issued 

 from the earth continually, and that the supply was necessarily inex- 

 haustible. And yet, in four short years the southern herd was almost 

 totally annihilated. 



With such a lesson before our eyes, confirmed in every detail by living 

 testimony, who will dare to say that there will be an elk, moose, caribou, 

 mountain sheep, mountain goat, antelope, or black-tail deer left alive 

 in the United States in a wild state fifty years from this date, ay, or 

 even twenty-five ? 



Mr. William Blackmore contributes the following testimony to the 

 abundance of buffalo in Kansas : t 



" In the autumn of 1868, whilst crossing the plains on the Kansas 

 Pacific Eailroad, for a distance of upwards of 120 miles, between Ells- 

 worth and Sheridan, we passed through an almost unbroken herd of 

 buffalo. The plains were blackened with them, and more than once the 

 train had to stop to allow unusually large herds to pass. * * * In 

 1872, whilst on a scout for about a hundred miles south of Fort Dodge 

 to the Indian Territory, we were never out of sight of buffalo." 



Twenty years hence, when not even a bone or a buffalo-chip remains 

 above ground throughout the West to mark the presence of the buffalo, 

 it may be difficult for people to believe that these animals ever existed 

 in such numbers as to constitute not only a serious annoyance, but very 



* On the plains of Dakota, the Rev. Mr. Belconrt (Schoolcraft's N. A. Indians, IV, 

 p. 108) ouce counted two hundred and twenty-eight huffaloes, a part of a great herd, 

 feeding on a single acre of ground. This of course was an unusual occurrence with 

 buffaloes not stampeding, but practically at rest. It is quite possible also that the 

 extent of the ground may have been underestimated. 



t Plains of the Great West, p. xvi. 



