THE EXTERMINATION OF THE AMERICAN BISON. 455 



hard crust, forming a universal wall of ice between the luckless steer 

 and his only food, the cattle starve and freeze in immense numbers. 

 Being totally unfitted by nature to survive such unnatural conditions, 

 it is not strange that they succumb. 



Under present conditions the stockman simply stakes his cattle against 

 the winter elements and takes his chances on the results, which are gov- 

 erned by circumstances wholly beyond his control. The losses of the 

 fearful winter of 1886-'87 will probably never be forgotten by the cattle- 

 men of the great Western grazing ground. In many portions of Mon- 

 tana and Wyoming the cattlemen admitted a loss of 50 per cent, of 

 their cattle, and in some localities the loss was still greater. The same 

 conditions are liable to prevail next winter, or any succeeding winter, 

 and we may yet see more than half the range cattle in the West perish 

 in a single month. 



Yet all this time the cattlemen have had it in their power, by the 

 easiest and simplest method in the world, to introduce a strain of 

 hardy native blood in their stock which would have made it capable of 

 successfully resisting a much greater degree of hunger and cold. It is 

 really surprising that the desirability of cross-breeding the buffalo and 

 domestic cattle should for so long a time have been either overlooked 

 or disregarded. While cattle-growers generally have shown the great- 

 est enterprise in producing special breeds for milk, for butter, or for 

 beef, cattle with short horns and cattle with no horns at all, only two 

 or three men have had the enterprise to try to produce a breed par- 

 ticularly hardy and capable. 



A buffalo can weather storms and outlive hunger and cold which 

 would kill any domestic steer that ever lived. When nature placed 

 him on the treeless and blizzard- swept plains, she left him well equip- 

 ped to survive whatever natural conditions he would have to encounter. 

 The most striking feature of his entire tout ensemble is his magnificent 

 suit of hair and fur combined, the warmest covering possessed by any 

 quadruped save the musk-ox. The head, neck, and fore quarters are 

 clothed with hide and hair so thick as to be almost, if not entirely, im- 

 pervious to cold. The hair on the body and hind quarters is long, fine, 

 very thick, and of that peculiar woolly quality which constitutes the 

 best possible protection against cold. Let him who doubts the warmth 

 of a good buffalo robe tuy to weather a blizzard with something else, 

 and then try the robe. The very form of the buffalo — short, thick legs, 

 and head hung very near the ground — suggests most forcibly a special 

 fitness to wrestle with mother earth for a living, snow or no snow. A 

 buffalo will flounder for days through deep snow-drifts without a mor- 

 sel of food, and survive where the best range steer would literally freeze 

 on foot, bolt upright, as hundreds did in the winter of lS86-'87. While 

 range cattle turn tail to a blizzard and drift helplessly, the buffalo faces 

 it every time, and remains master of the situation. 



It has for years been a surprise to me that Western stockmen have 



