TREE PIPIT. 42.5 
Derbyshire ; and Mr. Selby includes it among the birds 
of Durham and Northumberland, as a summer visitor, 
making its first appearance every season in May. 
Our Tree Pipit is a summer visitor also to Denmark, 
Norway, and Sweden, and from thence southward is dif- 
fused generally over the European Continent to Italy ; but 
in Provence, at Genoa, and Rome, it is still only a summer 
visitor, going farther south in September. It is known to 
be an inhabitant of the Island of Madeira, and is found 
at Tangiers and Algeria; it is also found im Sicily, Malta, 
and Crete, and M. Temminck includes it in his Catalogue 
of the birds of Japan. 
The beak is dark brown; the base of the lower mandi- 
ble pale yellow brown; the irides hazel; the head, neck, 
back, and wings, olive brown, of two shades of colour, the 
centre of each feather being darker than the surrounding 
edge; the smaller rounded wing-coverts blackish brown, 
edged and tipped with buffy white; the greater wing- 
coverts also dark brown, edged with pale brown, the light- 
coloured ends of the two sets of coverts forming bars 
across the wing; quill-feathers dark brown ; the tertials 
large, with a broad outer edge of pale brown; upper tail- 
coverts nearly uniform brown; the outer tail-feather on 
each side, with nearly all the narrow outer web, and part 
of the broad inner web, of a dull white, tinged with 
brown, the other parts of the feather clove brown; the 
second feather has only a small patch of dull white at the 
end of the innexy web, the remaining portion of that feather 
on each side, and all the central feathers between them, 
clove-brown, the two in the middle having lighter brown 
margins. The chin and throat pale brownish white ; from 
the lower angle of the under mandible a dark brown streak 
passes backwards and downwards ; beiow this line on the 
sides of the neck, and on the breast in front, are various . 
