GREENFINCH. 529 
little families unite, and flocking with Buntings and Finches, 
feed in corn fields and stubble lands till winter and its pri- 
vations oblige them to resort to the farmer’s barn-doors 
and stack-yard. 
The Greenfinch is found generally in all the cultivated 
parts of England, Ireland, and Scotland, except, as stated 
by Mr. Macgillivray, the western and northern islands of 
Scotland. It is included by authors among the birds of 
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; but according to M. 
Nilsson, it is more common in Sweden in winter than in 
summer. It is common in all the countries of southern 
Kurope, on many of the islands of the Mediterranean, and 
is found even as far as Madeira. In a south-eastern di- 
rection it was observed by Mr. Strickland to be common 
at Smyrna. 
M. F. H. Kittlitz, a distinguished naturalist, who went 
with a Russian Expedition in 1827 to the South Seas, in 
his published notes of the birds observed by himself, men- 
tions at page 33, that he found this Greenfinch rather nu- 
merous in small flocks on the coast of Bonin, or, as it is 
named in some maps, Bonin-Siam, an island between four 
hundred and five hundred miles east of Japan. The birds 
inhabited tall woods near the shore; and M. Kittlitz adds, 
that they ran with facility, and searched for their food on 
the ground. 
The adult male has the beak of a pale flesh colour ; the 
irides hazel; the whole of the head, neck, back, and upper 
part of the wings olive green, or wax yellow ; the exterior 
edges of the wings, from the carpal joint to the base of 
the primaries, gamboge yellow; the primaries greyish 
black, with brilliant gamboge yellow edges on two-thirds 
of their length, the outer third, forming the tip, of the 
same colour as the body of the feather; the greater wing- 
VOL, I. MM 
