﻿tJie 
  markings 
  and 
  coloiirinrj 
  of 
  Lqiidoj^tcra. 
  lOB 
  

  

  more 
  pupae 
  were 
  placed 
  in 
  a 
  flower-pot 
  on 
  wet 
  moss 
  kept 
  saturated 
  

   with 
  water, 
  and 
  covered 
  with 
  a 
  piece 
  of 
  glass 
  and 
  placed 
  out 
  of 
  

   doors 
  ; 
  all 
  emerged, 
  two 
  being 
  cripples. 
  Similar 
  experiments 
  

   (experiments 
  n 
  and 
  o) 
  to 
  the 
  first 
  two 
  were 
  tried 
  with 
  two 
  divisions, 
  

   respectively 
  of 
  five 
  and 
  six 
  summer 
  pupae 
  of 
  ilhostraria, 
  all 
  of 
  

   which 
  emerged, 
  two 
  being 
  somewhat 
  crippled. 
  Two 
  autumnaria, 
  

   out 
  of 
  those 
  kept 
  moist, 
  are 
  slightly 
  darker 
  than 
  the 
  average 
  of 
  

   those 
  kept 
  dry, 
  though 
  not 
  so 
  dark 
  as 
  some 
  of 
  these. 
  With 
  that 
  

   exception, 
  if 
  it 
  be 
  one, 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  appreciable 
  difference 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  

   of 
  that 
  species, 
  and 
  none 
  in 
  illustraria, 
  between 
  such 
  as 
  were 
  kept 
  

   moist 
  and 
  such 
  as 
  were 
  kept 
  dry, 
  but 
  were 
  in 
  all 
  other 
  respects 
  

   similarly 
  treated. 
  These 
  results 
  do 
  not 
  support 
  the 
  theory 
  that 
  

   exposure 
  of 
  the 
  pupae 
  to 
  moisture 
  darkens 
  the 
  colour 
  of 
  the 
  imago. 
  

   I 
  do 
  not 
  of 
  course 
  doubt 
  the 
  observations 
  made 
  which 
  tend 
  to 
  show 
  

   that 
  some 
  insects 
  bred 
  in 
  moist 
  situations 
  are 
  generally 
  darker 
  than 
  

   the 
  same 
  species 
  bred 
  in 
  drier 
  localities, 
  nor 
  do 
  I 
  fail 
  to 
  recognise 
  

   the 
  great 
  weight 
  attaching 
  to 
  the 
  opinion 
  on 
  this 
  subject 
  of 
  some 
  

   highly 
  qualified 
  authorities 
  ; 
  indeed, 
  it 
  appears 
  to 
  me 
  probable 
  

   that, 
  especially 
  in 
  countries 
  where 
  the 
  difference 
  of 
  seasons 
  is 
  

   rather 
  that 
  between 
  wetness 
  and 
  dryness 
  than 
  between 
  warmth 
  

   and 
  coldness, 
  moisture 
  aifects 
  coloiir 
  ; 
  but 
  I 
  would 
  venture 
  to 
  make 
  

   the 
  remark 
  that 
  I 
  believe 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  English 
  Lepidoptera 
  on 
  

   which 
  this 
  effect 
  has 
  been 
  observed 
  emerge 
  in 
  the 
  summer, 
  and 
  

   that 
  wetness 
  in 
  summer, 
  whether 
  owing 
  to 
  a 
  rainy 
  mountainous 
  

   locality 
  or 
  to 
  the 
  occurrence 
  of 
  a 
  rainy 
  season, 
  causes 
  a 
  relatively 
  

   low 
  temperature 
  ; 
  and 
  it 
  has 
  been 
  shown 
  that 
  the 
  difference 
  of 
  

   temperature 
  between 
  a 
  warm 
  English 
  summer 
  and 
  a 
  cool 
  one 
  is 
  

   sufficient 
  to 
  produce 
  a 
  very 
  substantial 
  darkening 
  effect. 
  

  

  EXPEKIMENTS 
  WITH 
  OTHER 
  LePIDOPTERA. 
  

  

  {p) 
  At 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  June 
  a 
  few 
  recent 
  pupae 
  and 
  pupating 
  larvae 
  of 
  

   V. 
  urticcB, 
  all 
  probably 
  from 
  the 
  same 
  brood, 
  were 
  given 
  to 
  me 
  by 
  

   Mr. 
  Vine 
  ; 
  some 
  were 
  placed 
  at 
  80°, 
  and 
  others 
  in 
  the 
  refingerator 
  

   at 
  about 
  47°. 
  Three 
  of 
  the 
  former 
  emerged 
  in 
  seven 
  days 
  ; 
  one 
  of 
  

   the 
  latter 
  after 
  five 
  weeks' 
  cooling. 
  It 
  differs 
  materially 
  from 
  the 
  

   other 
  three, 
  the 
  darker 
  patches 
  and 
  the 
  blue 
  crescents 
  having 
  

   spread 
  considerably, 
  and 
  the 
  ground 
  colour 
  being 
  duller.* 
  

  

  •'^ 
  This 
  is 
  open 
  to 
  the 
  observation 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  a 
  single 
  

   individual, 
  but 
  the 
  inference 
  from 
  it 
  is 
  much 
  strengthened 
  by 
  the 
  

   statement 
  of 
  Mr. 
  Jenner 
  Weir, 
  m 
  the 
  discussion 
  which 
  followed 
  

   this 
  paper, 
  that 
  so 
  dark 
  an 
  example 
  of 
  this 
  common 
  European 
  

   species 
  is 
  rarely 
  met 
  with, 
  and 
  by 
  the 
  statement 
  (see 
  Weismann's 
  

   ' 
  Studies 
  in 
  Heredity,' 
  by 
  Meldola) 
  that 
  the 
  species 
  becomes 
  black 
  

   in 
  northern 
  latitudes. 
  

  

  m2 
  

  

  