Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 407 
cymosely capitate; females in spikes or capitate or solitary; bracts 
sometimes involucrate. Perianth: % usually 6- occasionally 4—7- 
lobed, membran us, the lobes free or connate: 92 usually asin ¢ but 
smaller, free or adnate to the ovary, usually with an involucre and 
miany imbricate scales. Stamens usually 6 or 12, sometimes fewer, 
occas o1ally more, adnate to the base of the perianth, filaments 
slender, anthers dehiscing Jongitudinally. Ovary in ¢ flowers 
reduced to a rudimentary pistillode or 0: in 2 more or less com- 
pletely 3—6-celled, the cells 2-ovuled; ovules pendulous anatropous; 
styles as many as the cells; stigmas terminal, often minute. Fruit 
a nut, sometimes 1—4 nuts, included within or surrounded by often 
greatly enlarged invo'ucrate bracts forming a cupule; pericarp 
coriaceous or woody. Seed pendulous, usually solitary; testa mem- 
branous; albumen 0; cotyledons thick, fleshy, plano-convex or 
sinuate, sometimes indented in star-like fashion, sometimes rumi- 
nate; radicle superior.—Duistris.: Genera 5, chiefly of north 
temperate regions or of hilly districts in the tropics. 
Nut (acorn) | only ; cupules cup-shaped or saucer-shaped 
or completely enclosing the acorn. 
Male spikes pendulous; stamens usually 6; stigmas 
broad, covering the inner surface of the summit 
of the recurved styles or capitate on them; 
cupule (in Malay Peninsular species) lameilate, 
surrounding the lower part of the acorn only; 
leaves usually serrate or lobed =: -. 1. QUERCUS. 
Male spikes erect; stamens usually 12; stigmas 
consi-ting of a pore, terminal on the slightly 
curved styles; cupule of imbricate scales or 
lamellate or entirely enclosing the acorn, some- 
times smooth, occasionally spiny; leaves usually 
entire, rarely serrate .. =- -. 2. PASANTA. 
Nuts 1 or up to 4; cupules enclosing the nuts, often 
splitting irregularly, usuajly armed with spines or 
clusters of spines or sometimes tubercular only ; 
stigmas as in Pasania; leaves entire or serrate .. 93 CASTANOPSIS. 
i It will be seen that I have preferred, with a slight modification, to 
adopt the genera propused by Prantl in Engler’s ‘ Natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien’ 
and to subdivide the old genus Quercus uader which the Malay Peninsular 
Oaks were described by Sir G. King in his Monograph and by Sir J. D. Hooker 
; in the Flora of British India into the two very well marked genera Quercus 
and Pasaniu, rather than to follow the more detailed subdivision preferred 
: by Oers.ed in 1866 or by Schottky in 1912. The genus Castanopsis, at any rate 
so iar as the species with one nut in the cupule is concerned, comes very 
near to Pasania, especially to those species which have prickly cupules. 
; 
