Canadian Rocky Mountains. 293 



Miles Elevation of 

 watershed. 



5. Kananaskis Pass 85 (about) 6,200 



6. White Man's Pass (2) 70 6,807 



7. Simpson Pass (3) 70 (about) 6,670 



8. Vermilion Pass (4) 88 '5,264 



9. Kicking Horse Pass (5) 104 5,300 



It is probable that even within this district there are 

 other passes across the watershed range in addition to these 

 here named. The Indians, in the course of their hunting 

 expeditions, travel on foot in every direction across the 

 mountains, but designate as passes only those routes which 

 are not too steep or rough for horses. 



Most of the passes above enumerated cross subsidiary 

 summits of some height west of the main watei'shed. The 

 South and North Kootanie Passes have long been in regu- 

 lar use by the Indians, and both these, after descending 

 into the Flathead Valley, in the centre of the mountain 

 region, cross a second high " divide " between this river 

 and the Kootanie Valley. The Crow Nest Pass was little 

 used by the Indians owing to the thick forest prevailing 

 along parts of it, but was some years ago chopped out, and 

 rough bridges thrown across a couple of streams, to pro- 

 vide a route for taking horses and cattle eastward' across 

 the range. The North Pork Pass was not known, except by 

 Indians, till crossed by myself in 1884. The Kananaskis 

 Pass was traversed by Captain Palliser in 1858, and has 

 been much used by the Indians. The White Man's Pass is 

 probably that taken by a party of emigrants, spoken of by 

 Sir George Simpson, in 1841. Sir George Simpson him- 

 self, in the same year, crossed the mountains by the pass 

 to which his name is now attached. The Vermilion Pass 



1. Measured from the Elk River Crossing in a straight line to the 

 Kootanie Valley ; the western continuation of this pass not having 

 been explored, 



2. Measured up the Bow River valley on the east, and to the west 

 crossing the Brisco Range by Sinclair Pass. 



3. Measured up the Bow Valley on the east and across the Brisco 

 Range in a direct line by a reported pass. 



4. The eastern and western ends of this pass are identical with 

 the last. 



5. By the railway line 111 miles. 



