14 



The raost of that colonies are less calcificated, than what seem the figures by Busk 

 to show; yet the tuberosities "on each side of the base of the mouth" are very appa- 

 rent. Inside and behind each of these tuberosities, at least in the higher degrees of 

 calcification, the wall of the front side presents that depression, very often like a hole, 

 which would bring this species at the side of the last preceding, were it not for the 

 totally different aperture of the zocecion. The avicularia are developed at the distal 

 cnd of the zocecia, in the same manner and of the same rounded form as the ooecia, 

 although usualty very much smaller than these; their triangulär, pointed mandible, 

 when closed, is directed obliquely upwards-backwards. The ooecia, when young, are 

 wholly smooth; in their full development, though I never saw them in any higher de- 

 gree of calcification, they get a projection in their front, formed at the meeting-point 

 of three radiating ridges. 



As to the size of this species, in one colony I measured the length of the arti- 

 culation of the operculum, in the semicircular aperture of a zocecion, to about 0,1 l> 

 mm.; in another colony that ineasure was about 0,14 mm. 



In distinguishing the species, which I propose to be retained within the generical 

 denomination Cupularia, though that in a sense modified after the Microporidan cha- 

 racter of the zooacia, we must take care of their very different appearances after age 

 and conservation. The calcification goes on below the primar} r ectocyst; and, with 

 this preserved, the zocecia, therefore, have a very different appearance from the condi- 

 tions, in which this ectocyst is löst. 



Cupularia umbellata l ) (Pl. III, figs. 75 — 80). 



In its young and well-preserved condition (hg. 75), when covered by its yellow, 

 granular primary ectocyst, it looks very like the Cupularia vulnerata 2 ); but sometimes, 

 when a little more thickly calcificated (fig. 77), it shows the row of greater pores, on 

 the internal, secondary ectocyst, along the margin of the front side of the zooecia, 

 shining through the primary ectocyst, where the Cup. vulnerata has its lunate openings. 

 Beside these pores, when treated with caustic kali, or, through other agent, deprived 

 of its primary ectocyst, in the younger states, it presents the front side of the white- 

 shining internal, secondary ectocyst finely perforated by small, round pores;- but the 

 raised margins of the zocecia are finely granulated. When older or more highly calci- 

 ficated, if deprived of its primary ectocyst, the front side of the zooecia (fig. 79) more 



') Lumdites umbellata, Defr., Diet. d. se. nat., vol. 27, p. 361; Blainv., ibid., Atlas, Zooph., tab. 47, fig. 1; 

 D'Orb. (Discoporella) Pal. Franc, Terr. Crét., vol. V, p. 473, tab. 717, figg. 1 — 5; Manzoni (Cupularia) 

 Bryoz. Plioc. Ital, Sitzb. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, Bd. LIX, Abth. 1 (Jan. 1869), p. 10, tab. II, 

 figg. 16, 16 1 . 



(?) Discoporella Berardana, D'Orb., Pal. Franc, 1. c., p. 474. 

 Cupularia Lowei, Gray, Busk, Cat. Brit. Mus., Polyz., p. 99, tab. 116. 



To these synonyms I should have laid even Discoporella denticulata, Gabb et Horn (Cupularia, Conr.), 

 if, by these authors, I had found any remark of the Microporidan form of the mouth. 

 2 ) Membranipora vulnerata, Busk, Quart. Journ. Micr. So., vol. VIII, p. 124, Zooph., pl. XXV, fig. 3. 



