Angnst 17, 1673. J 



JOURNAL OP HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 



141 



tones to the Atlantic seaboard, besides distribution or cost of 

 carriage to points of consumption. The State of Maine — 

 known as the Pine-tree State of the Union — has its forests all 

 but stripped of that wood, and the work of cutting up the 

 Spruce out of logs 6 to 8 inches in diameter, to glut its own 

 and the English market, is being carried on by the mills. 

 Statisticians calculate that the constant drain will exhaust the 

 State within five years. It appears that other eastern States, 

 New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, 

 and the States of New York, Delaware, Maryland, Ohio, &c, 

 at one time dense forests of the finest Pine timber, are denuded 

 of that product, and have little timber left. All kinds of 

 rubbish are being sawed up, patches of firewood are being 

 thinned, and these States are large purchasers of Michigan 

 and Canada Pine and Spruce timber to supplement their own 

 valueless home product. Even firewood has almost disappeared. 

 It is stated that Pennsylvania, one of the best Pine-producing 

 States of the Union as regards the quality and extent of its 

 timber, is within a few years of its exhaustion. 



A recent writer on the subject says consumers are awaken- 

 ing to a knowledge of the important fact that the Pine re- 

 sources of Pennsylvania are not inexhaustible. The dense 

 forests bordering the Susquehanna, the mountains of the 

 Monongahela Valley, and the majestic trees which covered 

 thickly a few years ago the whole area, and appeared sufficient 

 to supply the demandspf a future however distant, now show 

 signs of speedy exhaustion. Some of these States are only 

 just beginning to be awakened to the truth, and are earnestly 

 considering means to 6top the reckless management and waste 

 which has been going on for years. Pine-lumbering is one of 

 the finest industries of Pennsylvania, and every suggestion to 

 check the impending loss must be considered. Even the coal 

 regions oannot supply enough timber to furnish the necessary 

 props, though once famed for their Pine. It is declared by 

 the same writer that four years " will exhaust the supply of 

 the Susquehanna Valley, and the now comparatively neglected 

 Hemlock will become the staple of the timber trade of that 

 section, as it has been for years in the Delaware region." 



To give an instance of the exhausting process going on, it 

 may be stated* the State of Pennsylvania manufactured and 

 consumed, according to the last census, 1,610,000,000 of feet, 

 about 500,000,000 of which were Pine, the remainder being 

 Hemlock, and this vast amount is three times as much as is 

 shipped from Quebec of both deals and timber, if the latter 

 were sawn into boards. Virginia, Carolina, Mississippi, Ten- 

 nessee, Kentucky, &o., have Pitch Pine and Cypress, which 

 cannot take the place of White Pine. Thi3 is being destroyed 

 by turpentine farmers at the rate of 10 per cent, per annum. 

 The wood is found to decay rapidly in buildings when in con- 

 tact with mortar ; hence the low estimate of this timber in the 

 English market. 



We need not give more instances of the wholesale slaughter- 

 ing of these once magnificent Pine forests, and we may inquire 

 in passing, What the effects are likely to be of this devastating 

 and sweeping operation? Commercially, the States must 

 suffer — a great source of wealth is being sacrificed with reck- 

 lessness; and, physically, we can scarcely estimate the con- 

 sequence of this vast destruction of forests in altering the 

 balance of natural laws. The author shows, by statistical re- 

 turns of industries in which wood plays a' great part — as 

 carriages, furniture, bridges, ships, railway sleepers, fences, 

 telegraph poles, &o. — what must be looked for when the sup- 

 plies of these great industries are cut off. All the commercial 

 convulsions and monetary crises that have ever happened will 

 be nothing compared to the calamity occasioned by a dearth 

 of timber. Yet, in ignorance of this, the lumbermen keep 

 slashing away, and appear to be hastening on the crisis, as if 

 their business was to extirpate this source of industry. The 

 same complaint is made of the Valley of the Ottawa, Nova 

 Scotia, and other S tates. Lumbermen are now recklessly throw- 

 ing away what in five years' time would be worth £5000 an 

 acre. It is stated that in five years neither Pine timber, nor 

 deals, nor Spruce will be shipped from Quebec, and timber 

 will be higher on that side of the Atlantic than this. 



The writer in conclusion suggests a remedy which Ontario 

 at once, and Quebec in two years' time, can do ; and that is, 

 to stop the getting-out of square timber in the woods, which 

 occasions the loss of one quarter of the most valuable part of 

 the tree, and the greater destruction of cutting down trees to 

 make into timber, but which, from some imperfection, is 

 found unsuited, and is allowed to rot in the woods, although 

 much would be valuable for saw logs. Fire is also a source of 



great destruction in forests, which follows the getting-out of 

 square timber, as the least spark in dry weather ignites the 

 hewings, and sets the forest ablaze. The only remedy for all 

 this waste is to stop the making of square timber for export- 

 ation. — (English Mechanic.) 



[This suggests that not only in America, but in Europe, 

 planting of timber trees Bhould be encouraged. Admiral Col- 

 lingwood used to have a supply of acorns in his pocket, made 

 a hole with his stick, and dropped one in wherever he thought 

 the young Oak would prosper.] 



NATIONAL CARNATION AND PICOTEE SOCIETY. 



The Exhibition for this year was held in the Botanical 

 Gardens, Stretford, Manchester, on the 11th and 12th inst., and 

 florists from the midland counties, from the north, and from 

 the south met together in great numbers, most of them bringing 

 flowers with them ; some, like Messrs. Simonite, Bowers, Rudd, 

 Booth, and others staging nearly a hundred flowers each. We 

 cannot say that the arrangements were perfect. In the first 

 place, the members were called together by the Secretary when 

 the flowers were staged, and the Judges were selected from 

 amongst them by vote ; and certainly some of them were not 

 adequate to the position allotted to them. In the next place, 

 the conservatory ought to have been cleared of all the exhibitors 

 before the judging commenced, and no one ought to have been 

 admitted until the awards had been declared. It is bad enough 

 forjudges to face disappointed exhibitors after their labours are 

 finished, but to be surrounded with them while their work is 

 going on ought not to be allowed. Perhaps it was owing to this 

 that several mistakes were made. And here it may be as well 

 to remark on the critical acumen of the Judges. In the prin- 

 cipal class for Carnations in twelve distinct sorts, a pan sent by 

 Mr. G. Rudd of very fine flowers (indeed the premier flower in the 

 Exhibition was found in his stand) was disqualified from having 

 a splendid flower of Sarah Payne (Ward), one or other of the 

 petals of which was wanting in bizarre, but on carefully looking 

 over the petals not one could be found that had not any spot or 

 bar of the purple. The same exhibitor was also disqualified in 

 the principal Picotee class by having two light red-edged flowers 

 in it so nearly alike that the Judges could not distinguish them. 

 Oae was Thomas Williams and the other Rev. F. D. Horner. 

 These two decisions were ultimately altered by the managers of 

 the Show, but not until 6 p.m. of the day of exhibition, and fourth 

 prizes were awarded in each class. 



The Show was a very good one. Most of the flowers, though 

 not very large, were remarkably clean and fresh, but they did 

 not stand very well, as the two days were very hot and the glass 

 roof of the building was not sufficiently shaded. This was a 

 misfortune in another sense, as the beautiful markings are best 

 brought out in a subdued light. 



The following are the awards of the Judges: — Twelve Carna- 

 tions (distinct), Mr. Jonathan Booth, Pole Lane, Failsworth, 

 Manchester, was first with Garibaldi, Jas. Merryweather, Ivan- 

 hoe, Admiral Curzon, Earl of Wilton, Sir J. Paxton, John Keet, 

 Annihilator, Lovely Ann, Juno, Sportsman, and Lord Milton. 

 Second, Thomas Bowers, Esq., Dirkhill, Bradford, with Admiral 

 Curzon, a grand flower; Sportsman, Squire Meynell, John Rich, 

 Clipper, a new scarlet flake of fine quality; Eccentric Jack, 



E. S. Dodwell, Sir J. Paxton, Mars, Lord Raglan, John Bailey, 

 and Mayor of Nottingham. Third, Mr. Benjamin Simonite, 

 Rough Bank, Sheffield, with Frank Simonite, Mr. Findlay, 



F. D. Horner, John Simonite, Jas. Douglas, Samuel Barlow, 

 Sportsman, Earl Stamford, Admiral Curzon, and Hector. 

 Richard Gorton, Esq., Gilderbrook, Eccles near Manchester, 

 was fourth with a stand of very bright flowers ; amongst them 

 Mercury, Jas. Cheatham, very fine; Warrior, and Rose of Sta- 

 pleford. An equal fourth was given to Geo. Rudd, Esq., Under- 

 cliffe, Bradford, for his disqualified stand; and Mr. Joseph 

 Chadwick, Ashton-under-Lyne, was fifth. 



In the class for twelve Picotees, distinct, there was also very 

 close competition, and it contained some very fine flowers. Mr. 

 Booth, whose flowers were just in at the right time, was again 

 first with Mrs. Summers, Mrs. May, Morning Star, William 

 Summers, J. B. Bryant, Mary, very fine; Countess of Wilton, 

 Miss Wood, Cynthia, Scarlet Queen, Ann Lord, and Edith Dom- 

 brain ; this last sort has been very fine in the north this year. 

 Mr. Simonite was second with J. B. Bryant, Mrs. Douglas, Jenny 

 Ibbison, Mrs. Gorton, Mrs. Summers, Mrs. F. D. Horner (in 

 memoriam), Silvia, and unnamed seedlings ; except J. B.Bryant 

 this stand was composed entirely of Mr. Simonite's own seed- 

 lings. Robert Lord, Esq., Todmorden, was third. In his stand 

 were good flowers of Miss Horner, Ann Lord, Minnie, Alice, 

 and Miss Small. MeBsrs. Bower & Rudd were placed equal 

 fourth. 



The next class for twelve Carnations in nine distinct sorts 

 Mr. Booth was again first. In this stand were Uncle Tom, Lord 

 Napier, True Briton, &c. Second came. Mr. Simonite with 

 J. D. Hextall, Desdemona, Othello, and seedlings. Third, G. 



