December 7, 1876. ] 



JOURNAL OF HORTICUIjTUBE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 



501 



can. 2 D. Smith. 3, J. Mollison. Ben.— I and 3. J. Barrie. 2, J. Millar 

 Poland.— Cock, -landvhc, J. Taylor. 2, J. A. Laird. 3, J. Henderson. Sen. 

 —1 J A. Laird. 2. Mrs. J. Henderson. 3, J. Taylor. H\mbcbqh3.— Silver- 

 spdngled.—Cock.— 1, W. Abel. 2, J. Grant. 3, T. Gilroy. Hen.— 1, G. Beattie. 

 2 W Straton. 3, T. Gilroy. Gold-spangled.— Cock.— 1, J. Jackson. 2, J.Grear- 

 son 3 J.N.Taylor. Hen— I, J. JacK9on 2, J. N. Taylor. 3, J. Grearson. 

 Gold or Silver-pencilled.— Cock— I, J. Cochrane. 2, P. Campbell. 3, T. D. 

 Blacfc Sen— 1, J. Lochhead. 2. W. Reddihough. 3. J. Cochrane. Houdans. 

 — Cock— 1. J. W. Cameron. 2, D. Forbes. 3, W. Jarvis. Ben.— I and 2, A. 

 Robertson. S.M.Todd, vfie, J. W. Cameron. Any othes Distinct Breed. 

 — Cock— I. W. Snowie (Dorking). 2. A. Walker (Minorca). 3, R. Wolsten- 

 holme (Black Hamburgh). Hen.— 1, J. Sandeman (Creve-Ccenr). 2, T Gilroy 

 (Hamburgh). 3, J. Grant (Dorking). Bantams.— Game.— Cock.—\, J. Dargie, 

 inn 2 and 3. J. D.Donald, vhc, A. Blair, J. Butehart. Ben -1, R. M'Nab. 2, 

 W Home. 3, J. Butehart. Gold, Silver.or Cream;/ Sebright.— Cock.- 1,J. A. 

 Dempster. 2. W. Phillips. 3, W. Richardson. Ben —I, J. Dallas. 2, J. A. 

 Dempster. 3. W. Phillips, vhc, W. Richardson, a. Pratt. Miss R. C. Frew. 

 Any other sort.— Cock.— \. W. Leslie. 2, R. H. Aahton. 3. J. D. Donald, vhc, 

 Duncan & Kennedy, J. D. Donald. Ben.— I, Duncan & Kennedy. 2, J. D. 

 Donald. 3, R. H. Ashton. vhc, Mrs. Frew. Selling Class.— Cock.— Price 7wt 

 to exceed 20s —1, A. Burnett (Brahma). 2, J. D. Donald (Bantam). 3, Mrs. W. 

 Steven (Cochin). Bens.— I, J. Taylor (Poland). 2, J. D. Donald (Bantams). 3, 

 A Burnett (Cocbina). Docks.— 1, W. Morrison. 2, R. Robertson. 3, G. H. 

 Nicoll. GEE3E.—1, J. Matthew. 2, J. Croll. 3, Mrs. K. Er^kine. Turkeys.— 1, 

 Miss J. Milne. 2, MrB. K. Erskine. 3. J. Croll. • 



PIGEONS— Pooters — Cocfc.— 1, W. H. Roberts. 2. J. T. Saunders. 3. W. 

 Morrison, vhc, J. Day. Ben.-l, A. Glass. 2, J. Day. 3, J. T. Saunders. 

 Young Cock or Ben.—l, J. Day. % F. M'Rie. 3, G. Alexander, vhc, J. 

 Lamont.jun. Carriers.— Cock or Ben— I, J. Limont. 2, J. Lamont.jun. 3, 

 E Mawson. Dkagoons.— Cock or Ben — 1, W. Smith. 2, T. L. Johnson. 3, R. 

 Woods vhc, J. Guthrie, W. smith. R. Woods. Barbs —Cock or Ben.—l, G. A. 

 Webster 2 J. A. Smart. 3, A. Burnett. Tumblers.— Short-faced.— Cock or 

 Hen—i, J. M. Kidd. 2. J. A. Smart. 3, J. Glenday. Long-faced.— Cock or 

 Sen— I, R. Mawson. 2, J. Shield, Jan. 3, J. Car gill. Fantails. —Cock or 

 Ben— a, W. H. Roberts. 2, W. & R Davison. 3. Mrs. A. G.Duncan Jacobins. 

 —Cock or Hen— 1, W. & R. Davidson. 2, W. H. Roberts. S, G. Halkett. 

 Trumpeters. -Cock or Ben.—l, J. M'Dona'd. 2, Master A. Frew. 3. R. Thir- 

 wall. Turbits.— Cock or Sen.—l and 2, R. Woods. 3, J. Cargill. vhc, D. R. 

 Irons. Owls— English.— Cock or Ben.—\, A. Duthie. 2, J. Lawson. 3. D. 

 Maclntyre. Nuns.— Cock or Ben.—l and 2. A. Duthie. 3. J. Cowe. Magpies. 

 —Cock or Ben.—l, J. Taylor. 2, J. M Rodgers. 3, J. Cargill. Any other 

 Distinct Breed.— Cock or Sen— I, E. Mawson (Antwerp). 2 and vhc, J. 

 Cowe (Ice and Shield). 3, J. Cairns (Swallow) Selling Cliss.— Price not 

 to exceed £2.-1. T. Brand (Pouters). 2. J. Cargill. 3. J. Lamont.jun. (Owls). 



CAGE BIRDS.— Scotch Fancst Canaries .— Yellow —Cock.—\, W. Ferguson. 

 2 W. Wood. ?, R. Hampton, vhc, J. Ferguson. Ben.— 2, W. Wood. Buff.— 

 Cock— 1, J. Liveston. 3. J. Ferguson. Ben.— I, W. Wood. 3, W. Ferguson. 

 Green.— Cock or Ben —3. D. Fenton. Scotch Fancy Piebalds —Yellow.— 

 Cock.—\ t C. Ormond. 2. J. Shanks. 3, W. Wood. Ben.—l, J. Shanks. 2, C. 

 Ormond. 3. W. Ferguson, vhc, G. Crow. Buff. -Cock.— 2, R. Hampton. 3, J. 

 Black. Sen.—l. J. Shanks. 2. C. Ormond. S, W. Ferguson. Focl-feathered 

 of Foregoing Classes.— Cock or Ben.—l, J. Shanks. 2, J. Black. 3, D. 

 Langlands. Norwich Canaries.— Yellow or Buff.— Cock or Ben— I, D. Laog- 

 lands. 2, J. Scorgie 3, A. R. Langlands. Norwich Piebald Canaries. 

 — Yellow or Buff -Cock or Ben.—l, 2, and 3 t H. B. Gibb. Common Canaries — 

 Yellow.— Cock or Sen — 1, A. Mathieson. 2, D. Langlands. 3. A. R. Lanelands. 

 Buff —Cock or Sen.— I, A. Matbieson. 2 and 3, J. Scorgie. Piebald.-Cock or 

 Hen.— I and 3, D. Langlands. 2. A. R. Langlands. Green.— Cock or Ben.—l, 

 W. R-ibertson. 2 and 3. W.- Scott. Selling Class.— Price not to exceed 15s.— 

 Cock or Hera— 1. G. Crow. 2, A. R- Langlands. 3, D. Watson. Price not to 

 exceed Is. 6d.—Cock or Ben.—l ani 3, D. Watson. 2, D. Beattie. Goldfinch. 

 — Cocfc.— 1. W. Scott. 2, J. Duff 3, J. Andrew. Goldfinch Mule.— Cock.— I, 

 J. Reid. 2, A. Petrie. 3, J. Duff. Ehllfinch.- Cock.— 1, W. Clark. 2, A. 

 Wallace, j un. 3. A. Burnett. Siskin.— Cock.— I, G. Cramond. 2, J. Andrew. 3, 

 J. Scrogie. vhc, J. Carey. Siskin Mule.— Cock.— I, A. Mathieson. 2, C. 

 Gouk. 3. J. Taylor. Linnet Mole.— Cock— 3, C. Gouk. Starling.- Cocfc.— 1, 

 N- Bowman. 2, J. Milne. Parrot— G rey.—l, W. Cruickshank. Any Other 

 variety.— I, A. Glass. 2, C. Evans. 3, J. Alexander. Cockatoo.— 1, G. W. 

 Middleton. 2, J. Taylor. Paraqoet.— l, W. Cruickshank. Collection of 

 Birds.— 1, W. Cruickshank. 2. C. Gouk. 



RABBITS.— Lop-eared.— Pair.— 1, Miss J. M.Frew 2 and 3, Mrs. Roberts. 

 Any other Sort.— Pair.— 1, Master R. E. Frew. 2, A. Anderson. 3, R. 

 Burnett. 



Judges. — Mr. E. Hutton, Padsey, Leeds Mr. Pettigrew, 

 Carluke. 



BELFAST SHOW OF POULTRY, &c. 



This Show was held in the Ulster Hall, Belfast, on the 1st 

 and 2nd inst., when the following prizes were awarded :— 



POULTRY.— Dorkings.— Coloured, except Silver-Grey.— Cock.— 1 and Cup, 

 W. H. King. 2, E. T. Herdman. 3. M. F. Smyth. Ben.— 1 and Cup. W. G. 

 Mulligan. 2, M. F. Smvth. 3, E. T. Herdmau. Stloer-Grev or White.— Cock.— 



1, F. Watson, jun. 8, W. H. Kin?. 3, W G. Mulligan. Ben.— 1. W. H. King. 



2, W. G. Mulligan. Cochins. —Buff or Cinnamon.— Cock— 1, J. Booth. 2 and 3, 

 T\ Robertson. Ben. — 1, Cup, and vhc, M. Mahony. 2, F. Robertson. 3. H. 

 Tomlinaoo. Any other variety.— Cock. — 1 and Cup. M. Mahony. 2, T. Stretch. 



3, H. Tomlinson. Ben — 1, M. Mahony. 2, E. scarnmell. 3. J. Booth. Brahmas. 

 — Dark. -Cock.— 1. J. Girawool. 2, H. J. M'Bride. 3, H. Beldon. Hen.— I and 

 Cup, H Beldon. 2, T. Pve. 3, W. G. MaUigan Light.— Cock. 1, T. O. 

 Atkinson. 2, T.A.Bond. 3, E T. Herdman. Ben — 1 and Cup, T. O Atkinson. 



2, E. E Horsfall. 3, T A.Bond. Spanish.— Cock.— I, W. H. Low. 2, J. Thresh. 



3, W. G. Mulligan, vhc, W. G. Mulligan, A. C Jewell. Sen.— 1,- Cup. and 2, 

 W. G. Mulligan. 3. J. Thresh, vhc, W. G. Mulligan. W. H. Low. Game — 

 Black Bed or Brown Red.— Cock.— I and Cup, W. Watson. 2, F. Robertson. 

 3, J. 8ooth. Hen.— 1, J. Booth. 2, J. Ferguson. 3, W. Watson. Any other 

 variety.— Cock.-l, H. Beldon. 2, J. Ferguson. 3, Withheli. Ben.—l, H. 

 Beldon. 2, J. Fergnson. 3, Withheld. Houdins.— 1, A. Withers. 2, T. E. 

 Lindsay. 3, H. M Charley. Creve-Cceur and La Fleche.— 1, Cup, 2, and 3, F. 

 Watson, jun. Hamburghs.— Gold-spangled — I, H. Beldon. 2, J. Crawford. 

 3, Withheld. Silver-spangled.— 1, H. Beldon. 2, P. M'Lean. 3. H. Boyd. 

 Gold-pencilled —1 and Cuo, P- M'Lean. 2, J. Firth. 3, H. Beldon. Silver- 

 pencilled— I, H. Beldon. 2, J. M'Lelland. 3. Withheld Polish.— 1, H. Beldon. 



2, Withheld. 3, E. Malcomson. Malays.— I, H. J. M'Bride. 2, J. M'Millan. 



3, S. H. M'Bride. Bantams.— Game.— 1 and Cup. T. H. Stretch. 2, W. Shenton. 

 3, Miss L. Stephens. Black.— I, H. Beldon. 2, Mias Donnelly. S. R. H. Ashton. 

 Any other variety.— 1 and 3, Miss Donnellv. 2. W. H. Murlaud. Any other 

 Distinct Variety.— I, P M'Lean. 2, T. A. Bond. 3, H. Belion. Selling 

 Oussem.— Cock.— 1, F. Robertson. 2, J. N. R Pirn. 3, J. Firth. Sens or 

 Pallets— I. F. Robertson. 2, E. T. Herdman. 3, P. M'Lean. Ducks.— Bourn.— 



1, W. G. Mulligan. 1, F. Robertson. 3, J. Girdwood. v!ic,W. G. Mulligan, 

 E. T. Herdman. Aylesbury.— 1, F. Robertson. 2. J. Booth. 3, W. B. Maxwell. 

 Any oth.tr variety or Ornamental Waterfowl.— I and 2, J. Booth. 3, Rev. S. A. 

 Brenan. Turkeys.— 1, F. Watson, jun- 2 and 3, M. H. Thompson. 



PIGEONS.— Pouters.— Blue or Black Pied —Cock.—\ and Cup, J. M'Culloch. 



2, R.Fulton. 3, N.Hill. Hen.— 1. J. M'Culloch. 2. N. Hill. 3, R. Fulton. Bed 

 or Yellow Pied.— Cock.— I and 3, J. M'Culloch. 2, R. Fulton. Ben.—l and Cuo, 

 J. M'Culloch. 2, J. H. Hutchinson. 3, R. Fulton. White.— Cock —1 and 3, J. 

 H.Hutchinson. 2, W. A. P. Montgomery. Hen.— 1 and 2, F. W. Zurhorst. 8, 



J. M'Culloch. Cabbiers.— Black.— Co ck.—l, Cop, and 2, J. Montgomery. 3, R. 

 Fulton. Ben.—l and 2, J. Montgomery. 3, R Falton. Dun.— Cock.— 1, J. 

 Montgomery. 2, R. Fulton. Ben.—l and Cup, R. Fulton. 2 and 3, J. Mont- 

 gomery. Tumblers. —Short-faced Almond.— Cock.— I, M. Stuart. 2, R Falton. 

 Hen. — 1, Cap. and 2, M. Stuart- b'hort-Jaced any other colour.— Cock.— I, Cup, 

 and 2, M. Stuart. 3, W. A. P. Montgomery. Hen.— 1, W. A. P. Montgomery, 2 

 and 3. M. Stuart. Barbs. -Cocfc — 1, 2, and 3, W. A. P. Montgomery. Hen.— 1, 

 Cup, 2, and 3, W. A. P. Montgomery. Jacobins.— Red.— Cock— 1 and Cup, W. 

 S. M'Gibbon. 2 and vhc, E. E. M. Royds. Hen.— 1 and vhc, J. Pyper. 2, K. Ful- 

 ton. 3. J. Frame. Yellow.— Cock.— l, R. Fulton. 'J, J. Frame. Sand vhc, E. 

 E. M. Royds. Hen.— 1, 2, and vhc. R. Fulton. 3, J. Frame. Black— Cock.— I, 

 Cup, 2, and vhc, J Frame. 3, R. Falton. Ben —I and vhc, E. E. M. Royds. 2, 

 J. Pyper. Any other colour.— Cock.— I, J. Waters. 2, R. Fulton. 3 and vhc, 

 E. E. M. Royds. Hen.— 1 and Point Cup, R. Falton. % E. E. M. Royds. 3 and 

 vhc, J. Waters. Trumpeters.— Black.— Cock or Ben.— 1.2, and 3. J. H. Hutuhin- 

 son. Any other colour.— Cock or Ben.—l. Cup, 2. and 3, J. H. Hutchinson. 

 Fantails.— Cock.— 1 and 2. J. Waters. 3, J. F. Liversidge. Ben. -2, J. F. 

 LiverBidge. 3, M. F. Smith. Owls.— English.— Cock or Hen.— I asd Cup, J. 

 Thresh. 2, J. Booth. 3, R. Fulton. For wan. -Cock or Ben— I, W. S. 

 M'Gibbon. 2 and 3, W. Brown. Turbits.— Bed or Yellow.— Cock or Ben.—l, 

 R. Fulton. 2, J. Lamont, jun. 3, W. G. Henry. Any other colour.— I, R. 

 Fulton. 2, W. S. M'Gibbon. 3, W. G. Henry. Nuns.— Cozk or Ben— I, G. W. 

 Panter 2, A. M'Kenzie. 3, J. Lamont. jun. Dragoons.— Blue or Silver. — 

 Cock or Ben.— I and 3, R. Fulton. 2, F. W. Zurhorst. Any other colour.— Cock 

 or Ben— I and 3, A. M'Kenzie 2, R. Fulton. Flying Tumblers.— Beards.— 

 Cock or Ben— 1, J. Brown. 2, T. Read. 3, E. Lee. Bed or Yellow Balds.— 1,2, 

 and 3, T. Read. Any other colour Balds —Cock or Ben.— I, J. Cinnamond. 2 

 and 3, T. Read. Any other colour or marking. — Cock or Hen.— Cup and l.W. 

 and A. Crawford. 2, T. Read. 3, W. Brown. Any other Variety.— Cock or 

 Ben— I, A. M'Kenzie. 2, J. Waters. 3, R. Fulton. Selling Class.— Pair. 

 —Price not ty exceed £5.-1, J. Pyper. 2, J. Waters. 3, J. Frame. Cock or 

 Ben —Price not to exceed £2.-1, Mrs. Ladd (Carriers). 2, T. Read (Tarbits). 

 3, G. W. Panter (Jacobin). 



PIGEON T S (Competition open to Members only. Young Birds).— Pouters.— 

 Any standard colour.— Cock.— 1, J. M'Culloch. 2, J. Hill. 3 and vhc, w. A. P. 

 Montgomery- Ben. — 1, 2, and 3, J. M'Culloch. vhc, W. A. P. Montgomery. 

 Carriers. — Black or Dun. — Cock or Sen.— I, 2. and 3, J.Montgomery. Barbs. — 

 CocA; or Ben —1. 2, and 3, W. A. P. Montgomery. 



CAGE BIRDS.— Belgians.— Yellow —Cock.— I, J. S. Watson. 2 and 3, J. 

 Elliott. Hen.— 1, Cup, 2. and 3, W. Gault. Buff.— Cock.— 1 and 2, J. Elliott. 

 3, W. Gault. Hen.— 1, J- S. Watson. 2, W. Gault. 3 and vhc, J. Elliott. Scotch. 

 -Yellow. -Cock.— I and 3, T. Sjott. 2, T. Moffett. vhc, W. Stitt, W. Callender. 

 Hen.— 1, J. S. Watson. 2 and 3, T. Scott, vhc, W. Stitt, W. Callender. Buff.— 

 Cock.— I and 2, T. Scott. 3, W. Cullender. Hen.— 1, Cup, and vhc, T. Scott. 

 2, W. Callender 3. W. Stitt. Flecked or Pied, Yellow -Cock.— I, T. Scott. 

 2. W. Stitt. S.J.Elliott, vie, J. M'Nab. Hen— land 2. T Scott. 3, W. Stitt. 

 vhc, J. S. Watson. Buff.— Cock.— I and 2, T. Scott. 3, W. Stitt. vhc, J. M'Nab. 

 Hen.— 1, Cup, and 3, T. Scott. 2, W. H. Low. vhc, W. Gaw. Foul-feathered. 

 —Cock or Hen.— 1, W. J. Thompson. 2 and 3, T. Scott, vhc, J. A. Pryde. 

 Any other Variety of Canary —1, 2, and S, M. F. Smyth, vhc, W. Stitt, J. G. 

 Quinn. Mules.— 1, J. S. Watson. 2 and 3, W. G. Mulligan. British Song 

 Bird.— 1, M. F. Smyt4. 2, G. Jameson. 3, J. M'Harrie. Selling Cliss. — 1, J. 

 Hughes 2, J. S. Wat3on. 3 and vhc, W. Evans. Parrots.— 1, T. Smyth. 2, 

 J. S. Watson. 3, J. Warnock. vhc, S. W. M'Bride, J. Pyper. 



Judges. — Poultry: Mr. M. Laao,Tiie Pheasantry, Dunstable; 

 Mr. James Dixon, North Park, CLaytan, Bradford. Pigeons : 

 Mr. P. H. Jones, Falham. Cage Birds : Mr. S. Williamson, 

 Welch Row, Nantwich ; H. M'Dougall, Mardock Terrace, 

 Edinburgh. 



The Birmingham Coi/ombarian Society's Private Show, ad- 

 vertised in another column to-day, we hox^e will be well attended. 

 There are no prizes offered, and all visitors will be welcomed to 

 see the birds which will be exhibited by the members. 



PROGRESS OF APIARIAN KNOWLEDGE.— No. 1. 



It is always profitable to mark the progress of knowledge in 

 any department of life, and I understand the term " life " in its 

 widest Bense. There is " high life " and "low life " among mere 

 animals as well as among mankind — nay, for that matter, in 

 the vegetable world also. And we apiarians maintain that our 

 favourites are pretty highly ranked among the intellectual elite 

 of the inBect races, and worthy of all honour for the signal 

 benefits they confer on the " lords of the creation." 



It has occurred to me, therefore, as not unsuitable to the pages 

 of this Journal to take Btock of the advances made in our know- 

 ledge of beea during the last half century. The researches of 

 Huber, so patiently pursued and with such marvellous succesB 

 in spite of the difficulties which his blindness occasioned, put 

 him far ahead of all that had ever been written about bees up 

 to his time, and afford a starting point from which we may date 

 our inquiries as to the present state of our apiarian knowledge 

 in comparison of those who used to think Huber the ne plus 

 ultra of apiarians. I purpose, therefore, to trace out as far as I 

 can the progress we have made in our knowledge of bees since 

 his day, whether in connection of conclusions to which he had 

 arrived which have been subsequently disproved, or in addition 

 to the facts which he had most undoubtedly established as true. 

 I will begin with that which was his speciality — namely, the 

 natural history of bees. When I come to Bpeak of progress in 

 management of bees I must quit Huber, because his object was 

 not commercial. His investigations were almost solely confined 

 to the internal economy of the hive, and to bees as a race of 

 insects peculiarly interesting to the naturalist. 



He begins, then, with the history of the queen bee — develop- 

 ment from the egg to full maturity, including her qualifications 

 for becoming a fruitful mother and the conditions under which 

 she became such. He traces with the most patient assiduity, 

 never taking anything for granted till he has proved it to be an 

 indisputable fact by oft-repeated trials and experiments, varied 

 and modified in every conceivable way. To most of the results 

 which he gave to the world at the close of the last century every- 

 body capable of being convinced by positive proof and logical 



