June 9, 1863. ] 



JOURNAL OP HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 



413 



lation as deficient root-action ; but if you are satisfied that the 

 latter is the cause of disease, the lifting and replanting will be in 

 their favour, and the same may he said of the Muscats. We do 

 not know if you intend your house for forcing early. If so, the 

 pipes below the border will be a great advantage, but if you let 

 your Vines come on nearly naturally you will require no pipes 

 below the roots. If you raise the inside border we presume you 

 mean to raise the house as well, as from 5 to 6 feet is no great 

 height. It matters iittle where the Vines are planted, whether at 

 the front or more in the centre, with pipes below. We would 

 prefer the centre, though it is of little consequence. 



Eor early forcing you would need two four-inch pipes for 

 bottom heat, and at least three four-inch for top heat. Less 

 would be required if you commenced in March or the end of 

 February. As to boilers, the simplest tubular or saddle-baek 

 will suit your purpose. Our own opinion is, that for continu- 

 ance there is little difference between boilers if properly set and 

 properly wrought. We have little faith in the wondrous tales 

 some people tell us when under the influence of enthusiasm. If 

 you want Cucumbers in winter and early spring you will need 

 two four-inch pipes for bottom heat, and the same for top heat ; 

 if in May or so three-inch pipes will do. Your best plan would 

 ba to have a boiler sunk deeper by a foot or 18 inches than you 

 wish the pipes for the border to be, take the one flow-pipe to an 

 open ciBtern, and from that take a pipe to all the places to be 

 heated, each of these joining the return-pipe to the boiler.] 



LIFTING APPLE TREES FREQUENTLY. 



Will it be possible or convenient to you to let this meet the 

 eye of " C," who wrote a very interesting account of his dwarf 

 Apple orchard, which was published in No. 636 of the Cottage 

 Gardener and CotJNTEr Gentleman, December 4th, 1860 ? I 

 will accept it as a great kindness if he will favour me with the 

 information — which will, no doubt be valued by other readers — 

 whether the mode of lifting his trees biennially after about nine 

 years' experience is still satisfactory, and if they bear well with it, 

 but more particularly whether it has prevented canker from 

 appearing in his Ribston Pippin Apples ; the main drift of my 

 writing is to learn that. 



Last autumn I planted a portion of my garden with a number 

 of Apples and Pears on the Paradise and Quince stocks, and 

 amongst the number one Kibston Pippin. I wished to have 

 had more, but was afraid of the canker, for a few years ago I 

 lost a nice Hawthornden Apple tree from the same cause. The 

 Ribston has never been grown in this neighbourhood that I am 

 aware of ; but as the Hawthornden cankers in my soil, I fear 

 the same will happen to the Ribston, unless a periodical lifting 

 of the tree will prevent the disease, as some assert it will. 

 My soil is nearly like that of " C.'s" garden. If the annual or 

 biennial removal of that valuable Apple will prevent the canker 

 in wet soils and induce fruitfulness, it is information which 

 ought not to be hidden — when practically proved — from us Lan- 

 cashire people, who cannot grow to perfection the finer fruits, 

 such as Peaches, &o. An answer to my questions I doubt not 

 would be very valuable information to many amateur gardeners 

 whose garden soil is wet, and the major part is I believe so. Ae 

 I wish to fill all available space in my garden this autumn, will 

 he please to state, now that his trees must be by this time pretty 

 well grown, whether 3 feet by 4 is sufficient room for his dwarf 

 trees ? Mine is a small garden, and I want them kept in little 

 compass. I never had the pleasure of seeiug a full-grown 

 orchard of dwarf trees, so I have but little idea what space they 

 require when matured. — A. Q.., West Houghton. 



RAINFALL AT LINTON PARK, KENT. 



A correspondent having inquired how the rainfall of the 

 past three months corresponds with that of similar periods in 

 former years, I have been induced to give the following table, 

 taken from a register kept here, by which the deficiency of the 

 rainfall in the present season will be easily seen. I may 

 further add that the rainfall of May up to the 29th has been 

 1.59 inch, and falling in eight days. The greater part of this fell 

 on the 19th, 20th, and 21st, and was accompanied at that time 

 with a very cold north and north-eaBt wind, which was also 

 strong and proved very hurtful to vegetation. The windward 

 side of forest trees in full leaf has been bruised and destroyed, 



and now looks as if scorched ; delicate things, even when shel- 

 tered, suffered more or less. The cold continued several days 

 and nights. The night of the 25th-26th May was unusually 

 cold, the thermometer sinking as low as 35° in the garden, and 

 in some exposed places in the park it was quite a frost. There 

 have been various changes of wind, that from the S.W. not 

 having been always so mild as could be wished. The general 

 opinion is that the rain of the 20th only benefited the more hardy 

 vegetation, the cold by which it was accompanied neutralising its 

 otherwise useful properties. At the present time (the 29th), 

 the atmosphere has more of a summer character ; but extreme 

 changes have been so common of late that it is impossible to say 

 what may next follow. 



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HAS the CLIMATE of ENGLAND CHANGED? 



We are induced to take up this subject from the fact of hear- 

 ing very lately, whilst in the west of England, more than one 

 landowner express in most decided terms his opinion on the 

 deterioration of the weather — an opinion that we conceive to be 

 very injurious to the best interests of the country. 



In this note we intend to confine ourselves to an investigation 

 of the temperature. In a former article, on the rainfall of Eng- 

 land (Mark Lane Express, April 28, 1862), we showed that there 

 had been no increase in the annual amount of rain during tb.8 

 past forty years. 



The following mean temperatures of every year since 1815, 

 grouped in ten-year periods, exhibit no signs of any change : 

 there are merely the ordinary fluctuations, Borne above and some 

 below the average, that are evident in all statistical tables of this 

 nature, where the series is not long enough to obliterate the 

 effect of individual exceptional cases. 



In this and the subsequent tables the whole period — viz., from 



