June 16, 1863. ] 



JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 



435 



price of Caliaaya bark.' The present price of Red Bark varies 

 from 2*. 6d. to 8s. 9d. per pound of dry bark. This sort is 

 also hardy, its range of growth extending from 3000 to 8000 feet ; 

 the plant, according to Mr. Spruce, prefers open ground with 

 ' plenty of air, light, and room, wherein to develope its propor- 

 tions ; the bark is thin in proportion to the diameter of the trees 

 when growing at low elevations, and thick in proportion when 

 growing at high elevations.' The amount of 'alkaloids is also 

 much affected by elevation. Mr. Spruce informs us that Senor 

 Cordovez, who has analysed the Red Bark, collected at various 

 altitudes, found that the greater the height at which the tree 

 grows, the larger is the proportion of alkaloids contained in the 

 hark.' 



" Cinchona Calisaya, or ' Yellow Bark of Bolivia.' This 

 species grows to the height of a large forest tree, and was long 

 considered the most valuable of all the medicinal barks ; and 

 certainly it was so until the discovery of the Red Bark. The 

 present price of Calisaya, or Yellow Bark, varies from 2s. lOd. to 

 7?. per pound. Of this species we have evidently two varieties 

 very distinctly marked, even when growing under the same con- 

 ditions. According to Mr. Markham and Dr. Weddell, ' the 

 tree Calisaya grows on declivities and steep rugged places of the 

 mountains 5000 to 6000 feet above the sea, in the hottest forests 

 of Caravaya and Bolivia.' Subsequently, Mr. Markham, in 

 writing of this species, states — ' There can be no doubt that the 

 correct method of cultivating the Cinchonas is planting them 

 out in the open with plenty of light and air. They may re- 

 quire shade from the direct rays of the sun at first. The only 

 really fine well-grown plant of Cinchona Calisaya that I saw in 

 Caravaya was one that had been planted in a small clearing 

 entirely exposed ; those in the forest were poor straggling things 

 in comparison.' 



" Cinchona JJritusinga, the ' Cascarilla fina,' or ' Original Loxa 

 Bark,' introduced by J. E. Howard, Esq. This species, which 

 in the days of La Condamine was a noble and lofty forest tree, 

 is now almost extinct, the trees of a large size having entirely 

 disappeared from the Andes ; it is rich in alkaloids, good speci- 

 mens giving a total of 3.S per cent., and in this respect it equals 

 the Calisaya hark of Bolivia; it was common on the mountains 

 of Uritusiuga, and grows at elevations from 6000 to S000 feet. 

 A general opinion prevails among the Cascarilleros that the bark 

 of this species ' differs in quality according as it is exposed to the 

 morning or evening sun.' 



" Cinchona Condaminea, th3 ' Cascarilla Colorada del Ray,' or 

 ' Cascarilla Amarilla, the ' Rusty Crown Bark' of English com- 

 merce, and of equal value to the preceding species, to which it is 

 nearly allied, inhahiting the same localities, but perhaps growing 

 at greater elevations. In the days of Pavon this was a slender 

 tree of little more than 21 feet in height, and is considered to 

 be the species that produced the bark which cured the Countess 

 of Cinchon. At the present time, Mr. Cross informs us, ' but 

 few trees are to be seen of these dimensions. The plants from 

 which the bark of commerce is now taken are iu general not 

 more than 8 to 10 feet in height. When the plants are cut 

 down three or four young shoots, or suckers, in general spring 

 up ; but this does not always happen, as some of the more 

 industrious Cascarilleros frequently pull up the roots, and bark 

 them also. The bark is taken from the smallest twigs, thus the 

 annual growths are sometimes taken, especially if they are strong.' 

 Mr. Cross also observes ' that the alluvial deposit in the ravines 

 where this species is found growing, is shallow, and in many 

 places not more than 6 inches in depth.' 



" Cinchona crespilla (C. crispa Tafalla), or 'fine Crown Bark.' 

 This species is a small shrub, and contains a smaller quantity of 

 alkaloids than the preceding ; still it brings a high price in the 

 market, being a 'very fragrant and pretty-looking bark. It 

 grows at great elevations (from 7000 to 10,000 feet) in a deposit 

 of peat, and where the temperature sometimes falls to 27° Eahr. 

 " Cinchona lancifolia (from Java), or ' Pataya Bark.' — This is 

 a valuable species, it is also hardy, and easily cultivated, inhabit- 

 ing the high and cold regions of the Andes. Dr. Earsten 

 observes that 'it descends only to a height of 2000 metres 

 (6170 feet) above the sea, from the cold summits of the mostly 

 Bnow-capped mountains, where it sometimes reaches the upper 

 limits of the growth of trees— that is, 3500 metres (10,797 feet).' 

 Mr. Howard observes that ' this species produces a bark which 

 rivals in their rich product of quinine the barks of Bolivia, and, 

 consequently, commands a very high price.' 



"CHDfCOKAS YIEHOTG OINCHOUINE. 



" Cinchona nitida, ' Quiua cana legitima,' or ' Genuine Grey 



Bark.' This is a lofty tree, abounding in the higher regions of 

 Huanuco ; its predominant alkaloid is Cinchonine, and is, con- 

 sequently, of less value than the preceding species, which belong 

 to the class yielding quinine : the analysis of the bark from which 

 our seeds were gathered gave 2.22 per cent, of alkaloids, consist- 

 ing chiefly of Cinchonine ; Mr. Howard has, however, found 

 quinine in samples of the fine Grey Barks of commerce. This 

 species grows in exposed places at elevations from 6000 to 

 8000 feet, and is said to delight in ' free air, cold, water, and 

 sunshine,' 



" Cinchona, species without name. Allied to the above, and 

 raised from seeds gathered by Mr. Pritchett, near Huanuco. 

 Mr. Howard is of opinion that this species may prove to be 

 identical with Cinchona obovata of Pavon. It is said to be a 

 ' good bark,' and extensively imported with the Grey Bark of 

 commerce. 



" Cinchona micrantha, the ' Cascarilla Provinciana,' or ' Grey 

 Bark.' This is a lofty tree, inhabiting warm and damp forests, 

 where it attains a great circumference ; one tree frequently 

 yielding from 200 to 250 lbs. of dry bark. The bark is generally 

 rich in alkaloids, yielding as much as 2.70 per cent, principally 

 consisting of cinchonine. 



" Cinchona peruviana, the ' Cascarilla Pata de Gallinaza,' or 

 ' finest Grey Bark.' This species attains the height of an ordi- 

 nary-sized tree in the forest of Cocheros, where it is still abun- 

 dant, growing at a lower elevation than Cinchona nitida, and 

 yields a bark of considerable value ; the bark of the trees our 

 seeds were collected from, when analysed by Mr. Howard, yielded 

 3 per cent, of alkaloids, comprising chiefly cinchonidine and 

 cinchonine. It thus ranks among the most valuable of the 

 Grey Barks." 



HEATING- GAEDEN STRUCTTJfiES. 



(Continued from page 416.) 



A BLUE to heat a house 21 feet by 15 will consume four tons of 

 coals on au average of years, some more, some less, for the purposes 

 of keeping out frost and damp, which at 7s. id. per ton, the 

 price we give, is £1 9s. id., sweeping, whitewashing, and repair- 

 ing, 10s., £1 19s. id. • but as we have Yines aB well as plants 

 a little fire heat will not be amiss in cold weather when the fruit 

 is setting, nor out of place when the wood is ripening : there- 

 fore, two tons more coal, equal to £2 14s. Should the house be 

 kept at forcing temperature, at least a bushel of coals will be 

 consumed per diem, and in severe weather nearer four than one. 

 These matters are of small significance when compared with the 

 amount of care and attention a flue requires, and the many mis- 

 fortunes their owner and attendant are heirs to. 



A house 30 feet by IS may be heated by a flue as advan- 

 tageously as one of smaller dimensions ; but the fire necessary 

 to heat it would heat the piping of three houses of its size, and 

 thus effect a saving of two-thirds. 



Three thousand feet of air are as much as can be heated with 

 one fire to advantage, and in houses that contain more, one fire 

 will not suffice to keep out an ordinary winter's frost. 



We have a house containing 7640 cubic feet heated by two 

 flues, and in the memorable year 1860, or winter of 1860 and 

 1861, it consumed one ton of coke per week on an average of 

 fourteen weeks ; and it is not exaggerating to state, that although 

 the flues were red hot, perceivable in daylight, the house was 

 barely frost-proof. In fact, on Christmas day at 8 A.M., when 

 the thermometer outside registered 3° below zero, that in the 

 house only indicated 36", and the fires had been kept going 

 all night like a blasting-furnace. Owing to my master's hospi- 

 tality, I had my nervous system lulled, or the sight of a flame 

 issuing from a flue 18 yards in length might have tried it severely. 

 I was called out of bed to see a sight like this at 4 a.m., and 

 to exchange courtesies with my worthy stoker, the policeman. 



But to dismiss about flues. I have no hesitation in saying, 

 that to heat a large space they are extremely troublesome ; and 

 I cannot see any reason for a gardener having to pass restless 

 nights when a little contrivance and a few pounds extra would 

 remove a great deal of anxiety, and prevent him dreaming of 

 blown- up flues, frozen houses, and a "row " afterwards. Still, 

 I do not say a flue will not heat a house of small size and give 

 satisfaction. What I wish to convey is this — large houses and 

 a number of houses can be heated more satisfactorily and eco- 

 nomically by hot water than with flues of any kind, and that 

 the quantity of fuel necessary to heat a flue, warming a house 

 no matter how small, will heat piping sufficient to warm double 



