40 Canadian Record of Science. 



fore, taken when the Natural System of De Jussieu'was 

 substituted for that of Linnaeus. Under this system, 

 which was communicated in 1789, the entire structure of 

 a plant and its affinities, and especially its form of fructi- 

 fication, are taken into account, as well as the number of 

 its stamens and pistils, in determining its place in nature. 

 The essential elements of the great work done by the 

 distinguished Swedish naturalist have not been super- 

 seded, but form,— so far as the nomenclature of Genera and 

 Species is concerned, — the basis of the new departure. 

 The influence of Linnaeus and his reputation as the founder 

 of modern Botanical Science have suffered no eclipse from 

 the changes and additions since made to it. Even long 

 after De Jussieu's system began to commend itself, that of 

 Linnaeus continued to have its champions. For instance, 

 the great English publication of Smith and Sowerby, 

 begun in 1790, and extending to thirty-six volumesissued 

 at intervals, retained the old system, even in a second 

 edition which was completed only in 1846. Smith's 

 "Flora Britannica," 1800-04, as well as his "English 

 Flora " of 1823, was also constructed on the Linnsean 

 system. William Hooker's " Flora Scotica," published 

 in 1821, was the first work on Botany according to the 

 new system issued from the British press. It was follow- 

 ed on the same lines by Lindley's " Synopsis of the British 

 Flora " in 1828 ; and all subsequent publications in Great 

 Britain have accepted and worked upon the plan laid 

 down by the French naturalist. The system of De Jussieu 

 was modified and improved by the labours of De Candolle, 

 Mirbel, Lindley and Kobert Brown. 



The earliest students of Botany in North America — 

 Kalm, Michaux, Muhlenberg, Pursh, Eaton, Houston and 

 Clayton — presented it in accordance with the Linnaean 

 system. But Professor Torry, who had been a student 

 under Eaton, became converted to the Natural System, 

 and he and his pupil, Asa Gray, laid the foundation of 



