440 Canadian Record of Science 



leaf, the fleshy part of which constitutes the fruit; this 

 leaf is called the carpellary leaf or carpel, which has 

 its midrib prolonged to form what is called the style, 

 and terminated by the stigma. There may be one or 

 more carpellary leaves constituting the fruit; in the 

 plum one leaf only constitutes the fruit, and the inner 

 surface of the plum stone represents the upper surface 

 of the leaf, the outer skin of the plum represents the 

 under surface, and the flesh of the plum, the cellular 

 matter between the two layers of the leaf, upper and 

 lower, the thin line down the one side of the plum repre- 

 snts the part where the edges of the carpellary leaf are 

 joined, and inside the cavity is the seed or kernel. 



In the apple there are usually five such carpellary 

 leaves united to form the fruit and again the inside of 

 the five cavities seen when the apple is cut across, looking 

 somewhat like a five-pointed star, are the representatives 

 of the upper surface of these five carpellary leaves, — the 

 outside being the representative of the under surface of 

 the leaves, and the outside points represent the mid-ribs 

 of these five leaves, and the five inner points will be 

 observed to be double and represent the edges of 

 neighbouring carpellary leaves joined together on the 

 edges of which little seeds begin to grow. These are 

 only like the buds on the Bryophyllum leaf, but in this 

 modified form they require impregnation; if that opera- 

 tion takes place they grow to be perfect seeds, but if 

 not they waste away and dry up. 



In (100) one hundred apples of the northern spy 

 variety examined, there were five carpellary leaves in 

 each apple, and on the margin of each leaf there were 

 either one or two, occasionally three, matured pips ; but 

 on each side of each leaf were little brown tubercules in 

 number sufficient to make up (4) four pips in each cell, 

 two on either side counting mature seeds or rudimentary 

 immature seeds. 



One hundred apples with five carpels to each would 

 give (500) five hundred cells or carpellary leaves, and 



